The use of X-rays instead of UV/Vis light to trigger photodynamic therapy, named X-ray inducible photodynamic therapy, holds tremendous promise due to a high penetration capacity in tissues and is worthy of in-depth study. In this study, a novel multifunctional nanoagent based on Merocyanine 540-coupled Gd2 (WO4 )3 :Tb nanoscintillators and the vitalization of its abilities for dual-modal computed tomography and the magnetic-resonance-imaging-guided synergistic radio-/X-ray inducible photodynamic therapy of tumors is reported. Synergistic therapies show a higher tumor growth inhibition efficiency at a lower X-ray dose than radiotherapy alone. Through this proof-of-concept work, a way to tactfully understand and utilize nanoscintillators for cancer theranostics is shown.

CT/MRI‐Guided Synergistic Radiotherapy and X‐ray Inducible Photodynamic Therapy Using Tb‐Doped Gd‐W‐Nanoscintillators

In pursuit of highly efficient phosphors for white LED (w-LED) lighting, chemical modification of the host lattice and the design of energy transfer in a variety of cation sites have been extensively considered. In this work, a series of novel Bi3+,Li+,Eu3+-doped BaSc2O4 phosphors with blue-to-red tunable emission were synthesized by a high-temperature solid-state reaction process. Charge compensators (Li+) and fluxes (BaF2) were jointly employed to improve the phase purity and luminescence properties of phosphors based on appropriate chemical modifications. The crystal structures were analyzed by XRD and the Rietveld refinement, and the photoluminescence properties and thermal stabilities of the studied phosphors were investigated in detail. BaSc2O4:Bi3+ could be efficiently excited by n-UV light (250–350 nm), and exhibits a bright broad blue emission band (400–520 nm) with a peak at 440 nm. Moreover, the introduction of the Li+ ion and BaF2 could efficiently enhance the emission intensity and decrease thermal quenching, which should be due to the lattice modification. Interestingly, systematic luminescence tuning from blue to red could be achieved by designing Bi3+ → Eu3+ energy transfer. The corresponding luminescence mechanism was discussed and proposed. In addition, Bi3+,Li+-doped BaSc2O4 phosphors with BaF2 demonstrate good thermal stability, with their emission intensity at 150 °C still exceeding 70% of the initial RT value. The above results indicate that the BaSc2O4:Bi3+,Li+ phosphor would be a potential blue phosphor for n-UV based w-LEDs devices. Moreover, the controllable emission adjustment from Bi3+,Eu3+-codoped BaSc2O4 phosphors could derive a series of novel phosphor materials for improving the light quality of w-LED sources.

Controllable optical tuning and improvement in Li+,Eu3+-codoped BaSc2O4:Bi3+ based on energy transfer and charge compensation

Enhanced red emission on co-doping of divalent ions (M2+ = Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+) in YVO4:Eu3+ phosphor and spectroscopic analysis for its application in display devices

Pure and Eu3+ doped β-Ag2MoO4 were synthesized using a co-precipitation method at room temperature. The as prepared compounds were characterized systematically using X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS). It is observed that pure β-Ag2MoO4 gives blue (445 nm) and green (550 nm) emission when irradiated with UV light. The origin of the green band was qualitatively explained from density functional theory (DFT) calculations using a suitable distortion model. It was observed that on doping europium ions, efficient energy transfer from molybdate to europium takes place. The excitation spectrum depicting f–f transitions (particularly 395 nm and 465 nm peaks) is much more intense than the CTB showing that Eu3+ ions can be effectively excited by near UV-light. Based on DFT calculations it is proposed that due to the occurrence of Eu3+ d-states in the conduction band (CB) as well as the strong contribution of Eu3+ d-states to the impurity level present in the vicinity of the Fermi level, the host (β-Ag2MoO4) to dopant (Eu3+) energy transfer is preferable. β-Ag2MoO4 is also explored as a potential candidate for electrocatalysis of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). It was observed that the doping of europium ions in β-Ag2MoO4 enhances the electrocatalytic activity toward the ORR. The presence of a large concentration of cation vacancies and large surface defects as suggested by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) seem to be aiding the ORR.

Multifunctional pure and Eu3+ doped β-Ag2MoO4: photoluminescence, energy transfer dynamics and defect induced properties

A series of host-sensitized and color-tunable CaWO4:Tb3+,Eu3+ phosphors were prepared via a high-temperature solid-state reaction route, and the crystal structure and luminescence properties, especially the energy transfer behavior, were investigated in detail. Under UV radiation, the CaWO4 host presents a broad emission band from about 320 to 600 nm centered around 415 nm, ascribed to the charge transfer in WO42− groups; while Eu3+ and Tb3+ ion doped CaWO4 samples show both host emission and respective emission lines derived from the characteristic f–f transitions of activators, which present abundant emission colors owing to an efficient energy transfer from the host to Eu3+/Tb3+ ions. The energy transfer from the host to Eu3+ and Tb3+ was evidenced by directly observing appreciable overlap between the excitation spectrum of the host and the emission spectrum of Eu3+/Tb3+, as well as by the decreased decay time of host emission with increasing Eu3+/Tb3+ concentration. The energy transfer mechanisms in CaWO4:Eu3+/Tb3+ phosphors have been determined to be a resonant type via dipole–dipole interaction. In the Eu3+ and Tb3+ co-doped system, CaWO4:Eu3+,Tb3+, the energy transfer phenomenon not only occurs from host to activators, but also from Tb3+ to Eu3+, resulting in color-tunable emission including white light by simply adjusting the doping concentration of Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions. The PL properties of the as-prepared materials indicate their promising application in solid-state lighting fields.

Multi-color luminescence properties and energy transfer behaviour in host-sensitized CaWO4:Tb3+,Eu3+ phosphors

Uniform Eu3+ doped CdWO4 nanorods were prepared via a simple hydrothermal method and characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy and PL lifetime measurements. The results indicate that the obtained Eu3+ doped CdWO4 nanorods have monoclinic phase structure, and the phase structure can be retained at Eu3+ doping concentrations of 0.4–4.0%. The diameter of nanorods decreases from 27 to 15 nm with an increase in the doping concentrations, and the morphology becomes irregular at the Eu3+ doping concentration of 6.5%. Under the excitation of ultraviolet light, the relative intensities of blue-green emission ascribed to WO42− and red emission from Eu3+ can be tuned through doping Eu3+ ions into the CdWO4 nanorods and thus altering the energy transfer between WO42− and Eu3+. Hence, the multi-color luminescence in the same host at a single excited wavelength can be realized simply by altering the doping concentration of Eu3+. These luminescent nanomaterials may have potential applications in displays, light sources, bio-imaging and so on.

Multi-color luminescence of uniform CdWO4 nanorods through Eu3+ ion doping

The energy-level alignment at hybrid organic-inorganic interfaces is decisive for the performance of (opto-)electronic devices. We use ultraviolet and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS and XPS) to measure the energy-level alignment of vacuum-sublimed α-sexithiophene (6 T) thin films with HF-etched n-type Si(100) and with Si with a native oxide layer (SiOx). The 6 T thin films induce a small (<0.1 eV) downwards band bending into both substrates as shown by XPS. The well-ordered growth of 6 T on Si leads to a relatively narrow density of states (DOS) distribution of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) as shown by UPS. Furthermore, the Fermi-level comes to lie at rather mid-gap position and, consequently, no energy-level bending occurs in the 6 T layer. Structural disorder in the 6 T thin film on SiOx leads to a broad HOMO DOS distribution and to tailing states into the energy gap. Consequently, downwards energy-level bending (by around 0.20 eV) takes place in the 6 T layer.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/2053-1591/ac8644/pdf

Energetic disorder impacts energy-level alignment of alpha-sexithiophene on hydrogen-terminated silicon and silicon oxide

Thermoelectric (TE) materials with an excellent thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT) provide an effective way to alleviate energy pressure and protect the environment. By applying the first-principles method, this paper makes a systematic study of the electronic and phonon transport properties of two-dimensional (2D) novel TlInSe3 utilizing the Boltzmann transport theory (BTE). The calculation results reveal that 2D TlInSe3 has an excellent power factor (0.81 × 10−2 W/mK2) and ultra-low lattice thermal conductivity (0.46 W/mK) at 300 K. We find that the low phonon group velocity and strong anharmonicity are the main factors leading to the ultra-low lattice thermal conductivity of TlInSe3. Meanwhile, by discussing the acoustic-optical scattering, we attribute low phonon group velocity and strong anharmonicity to the increase of scattering rates between acoustic mode and optical mode, which further suppresses the lattice thermal conductivity. In the analysis of electron and phonon transport properties, 2D TlInSe3, as a novel TE material, exhibits a ZT value as high as 4.15 at 500 K. Our research results show that TlInSe3 is a potential TE material, and the relevant analysis is significant in exploring new TE materials.

/pdf/high-thermoelectric-performance-of-tlinse3-with-ultra-low-2uqrfpe8.pdf

High thermoelectric performance of TlInSe3 with ultra-low lattice thermal conductivity

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Multi-color luminescence of uniform CdWO4 nanorods through Eu3+ ion doping

Energetic disorder impacts energy-level alignment of alpha-sexithiophene on hydrogen-terminated silicon and silicon oxide

High thermoelectric performance of TlInSe3 with ultra-low lattice thermal conductivity