Tissue engineering represents an advanced approach to treating patients who have suffered tissue or organ loss or failure, with the ultimate goals of tissue restoration and extended life expectancy. Polymeric biomaterials are increasingly favored in tissue engineering applications due to their advantageous qualities and characteristics, such as adaptable structure, exceptional flexibility, inherent biocompatibility, physiological activity, strong mechanical strength, and favorable biological environment. The latest advancements in tissue repair and regeneration using biomaterials and fabrication techniques for various tissue engineering applications, including dermal, muscle, bone, neural, vascular, oral, corneal, cardiac, and hepatic applications, are effectively demonstrated. Furthermore, the technical challenges and untapped potential of bioactive materials are highlighted to provide a comprehensive understanding of tissue engineering. Therefore, the recent development of polymeric and ceramics for the fabrication of different biomaterials for various tissue engineering applications. This review provides a state-of-the-art biomaterial critical analysis and comparative perspectives from polymers and ceramics and their applications for advanced tissue engineering. The critical analysis and comparative perspectives to stimulate further in-depth research on bioactive materials have been discussed that expand the new horizons in polymer chemistry, material science, and their fundamental applications in tissue engineering. It also provides substantial awareness about polymeric biomaterials and discusses important challenges and future perspectives that highlight future research with advanced progress in tissue engineering. 

Recent perspective of polymeric biomaterial in tissue engineering– a review

In the times of dynamically developing regenerative medicine, more and more attention is focused on the use of natural polymers. This is due to their high biocompatibility and biodegradability without the production of toxic compounds, which means that they do not hurt humans and the natural environment. Chitosan and its derivatives are polymers made most often from the shells of crustaceans and are biodegradable and biocompatible. Some of them have antibacterial or metal-chelating properties. This review article presents the development of biomaterials based on chitosan and its derivatives used in regenerative medicine, such as a dressing or graft of soft tissues or bones. Various examples of preparations based on chitosan and its derivatives in the form of gels, films, and 3D structures and crosslinking products with another polymer are discussed herein. This article summarizes the latest advances in medicine with the use of biomaterials based on chitosan and its derivatives and provides perspectives on future research activities.

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Biomaterials Based on Chitosan and Its Derivatives and Their Potential in Tissue Engineering and Other Biomedical Applications—A Review

Biomaterials are mostly any natural and synthetic materials which are compatible from a biological point of view with the human body. Biomaterials are widely used to sustain, increase, reestablish or substitute the biological function of any injured tissue and organ from the human body. Additionally, biomaterials are uninterruptedly in contact with the human body, i.e., tissue, blood and biological fluids. For this reason, an essential feature of biomaterials is their biocompatibility. Consequently, this review summarizes the classification of different types of biomaterials based on their origin, as natural and synthetic ones. Moreover, the advanced applications in pharmaceutical and medical domains are highlighted based on the specific mechanical and physical properties of biomaterials, concerning their use. The high-priority challenges in the field of biomaterials are also discussed, especially those regarding the transfer and implementation of valuable scientific results in medical practice.

Advanced Biomedical Applications of Multifunctional Natural and Synthetic Biomaterials

Multifunctional nano-cellulose aerogel for efficient oil-water separation: Vital roles of magnetic exfoliated bentonite and polyethyleneimine

Abstract Due to the complex microenvironment and healing process of diabetic wounds, developing wound dressing with good biocompatibility, mechanical stability, breathability, exudate management, antibacterial ability, and immunomodulatory property is highly desired but remains a huge challenge. Herein, a multifunctional cryogel is designed and prepared with bio‐friendly bacterial cellulose, gelatin, and dopamine under the condition of sodium periodate oxidation. Bacterial cellulose can enhance the mechanical stability of the cryogel by improving the skeleton supporting effect and crosslinking degree. The cryogel shows outstanding breathability and exudate management capability thanks to the interpenetrated porous structures. I 2 and sodium iodides produced in situ by reduction of sodium periodate provide efficient antibacterial properties for the cryogel. The cryogel facilitates macrophage polarization from M1 to M2, thus regulating the immune microenvironment of infected diabetic wounds. With these advantages, the multifunctional cryogel effectively promotes collagen deposition and neovascularization, thus accelerating the healing of infected diabetic wounds. 

Biocompatible Cryogel with Good Breathability, Exudate Management, Antibacterial and Immunomodulatory Properties for Infected Diabetic Wound Healing

Chitosan/silk fibroin biomimic scaffolds reinforced by cellulose acetate nanofibers for smooth muscle tissue engineering.

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Chitosan/silk fibroin biomimic scaffolds reinforced by cellulose acetate nanofibers for smooth muscle tissue engineering.