Despite the various synthesis methods to obtain carbon dots (CDs), the bottom-up methods are still the most widely administrated route to afford large-scale and low-cost synthesis. However, as CDs are developed with increasing reports involved in producing many CDs, the structure and property features have changed enormously compared with the first generation of CDs, raising classification concerns. To this end, a new classification of CDs, named carbonized polymer dots (CPDs), is summarized according to the analysis of structure and property features. Here, CPDs are revealed as an emerging class of CDs with distinctive polymer/carbon hybrid structures and properties. Furthermore, deep insights into the effects of synthesis on the structure/property features of CDs are provided. Herein, the synthesis methods of CDs are also summarized in detail, and the effects of synthesis conditions of the bottom-up methods in terms of the structures and properties of CPDs are discussed and analyzed comprehensively. Insights into formation process and nucleation mechanism of CPDs are also offered. Finally, a perspective of the future development of CDs is proposed with critical insights into facilitating their potential in various application fields.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/advs.201901316

Evolution and Synthesis of Carbon Dots: From Carbon Dots to Carbonized Polymer Dots

Over the span of the past decade, carbon dots (CDs) synthesized from renewable organic resources (organic CDs) have gathered a considerable amount of attention for their photoluminescent properties. This review will focus on organic CDs synthesized using clean chemistry and conventional synthetic chemistry from organic sources and their fluorescence mechanisms, such as quantum confinement effect and surface/edge defects, before outlining their performance in electronic applications, including organic photovoltaic devices, organic light-emitting devices, biosensors, supercapacitors, and batteries. The various organic resources and methods of organic CDs synthesis are briefly covered. Many challenges remain before the adoption of CDs can become widespread; their characterization, structure, functionality, and exact photoluminescent mechanism all require additional research. This review aims to summarize the current research outcomes and highlight the area where further research is needed to fully use these materials.

Future Perspectives and Review on Organic Carbon Dots in Electronic Applications.

Anions induced evolution of Co3X4 (X = O, S, Se) as sodium-ion anodes: The influences of electronic structure, morphology, electrochemical property

Exploitation and utilization of sustainable energy sources has increasingly become the common theme of global social development, which has promoted tremendous development of energy conversion devices/technologies. Owing to excellent and unique optical/electrical properties, carbon dots (CDs) have attracted extensive research interest for numerous energy conversion applications. Strong absorption, downconversion photoluminescence, electron acceptor/donor characteristics, and excellent electron conductivity endow CDs with enormous potential for applications in optoelectronic devices. Furthermore, excellent electron transfers/transport capacities and easily manipulable structural defects of CDs offer distinct advantages for electrocatalytic applications. Recent advances in CD-based energy conversion applications, including optoelectronic devices such as light-emitting diodes and solar cells, and electrocatalytic reactions including the hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, and carbon dioxide reduction reaction, are summarized. Finally, current challenges and future prospects for CD-based energy conversion applications are proposed, highlighting the importance of controllable structural design and modifications.

Recent Advances in Energy Conversion Applications of Carbon Dots: From Optoelectronic Devices to Electrocatalysis

A graphdiyne nanosheet/Pt nanoparticle composite shows outstanding catalytic activity for the reaction of I3−/I− redox pairs, i.e., the best among rGO/Pt nanoparticle composites, Pt nanoparticles and Pt foils. This is ascribed to enhanced electron transfer resulting from the easier chemical interaction between Pt and the triple bond of graphdiyne.

A New Graphdiyne Nanosheet/Pt Nanoparticle-Based Counter Electrode Material with Enhanced Catalytic Activity for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells

Since the birth of solar cells, photovoltaic devices have experienced persistent breakthroughs in either crucial materials or technologies. However, the ability for power generation is only limited under sunlight illumination, i.e., all state-of-the-art solar cells can realize high-efficiency electricity outputs on sunny days. The power conversion efficiencies are zero at nights because of relatively low visible-light intensity. We present here a simple hydrothermal conversion from strawberry powders to carbon quantum dots (CQDs) for all-weather solar cell applications. Using green-emitting long persistence phosphors (LPPs) as light placeholders, the unabsorbed light ranging from visible to infrared light across CQD sensitized mesoscopic titanium dioxide (m-TiO2) can be converted into green fluorescence, allowing for persistent CQD irradiation and therefore electricity generation at nights.

Photoelectric conversion beyond sunny days: all-weather carbon quantum dot solar cells

Transparent molybdenum sulfide decorated polyaniline complex counter electrodes for efficient bifacial dye-sensitized solar cells

Efficient dye-sensitized solar cells with CoSe/graphene composite counter electrodes

Titanium dioxide/graphene anode for enhanced charge-transfer in dye-sensitized solar cell

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Photoelectric conversion beyond sunny days: all-weather carbon quantum dot solar cells

Transparent molybdenum sulfide decorated polyaniline complex counter electrodes for efficient bifacial dye-sensitized solar cells

Efficient dye-sensitized solar cells with CoSe/graphene composite counter electrodes

Titanium dioxide/graphene anode for enhanced charge-transfer in dye-sensitized solar cell