Starch with a high amylose (AM) content (high AM starch, HAS) has attracted increasing research attention due to its industrial application potential, such as functional foods and biodegradable packaging. In the past two decades, HAS structure, functionality, and applications have been the research hotspots. However, a review that comprehensively summarizes these areas is lacking, making it difficult for interested readers to keep track of past and recent advances. In this review, we highlight studies that benefited from rapidly developing techniques, and systematically review the structure, functionality, and applications of HAS. We particularly emphasize the relationships between HAS molecular structure and physicochemical properties.

High-amylose starch: Structure, functionality and applications.

The characterization of closed and open pore structures is key to evaluating the migration mechanism of gas in shales In this study, we combined small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) with two fluid 

Characterization of Closed Pores in Longmaxi Shale by Synchrotron Small-Angle X-ray Scattering

Ultrasonic-assisted synthesis of LaFeO3/CeO2 heterojunction for enhancing the photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants

The effect of the addition of pregelatinized rice starch paste (PRSP) on the retrogradation of rice starch (RS) gels was investigated using rheometer, X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). A decrease in the storage modulus of RS gels after short-term storage was found after adding PRSP. The XRD results revealed that the retrogradation degree of RS gels with added PRSP was lower than in the absence of PRSP, suggesting that the addition of PRSP could restrain the long-term retrogradation of rice starch. Moreover, the lower enthalpy changes of RS gels with added PRSP after retrogradation suggested that the progress of amylopectin crystallization was delayed due to PRSP incorporation. SAXS analysis showed that adding PRSP inhibited swelling of RS and decreased the size of aggregation during storage, which suppressed starch retrogradation. In addition, CLSM images indicated that PRSP could form continuous network in which the RS granules embedded, and that gels with PRSP exhibited greater phase separation after 15 d storage. These results suggested that the addition of PRSP inhibited the retrogradation of RS gels. The inhibitory effect is mainly due to PRSP altering the gel formation type and prohibiting the excessive swelling of rice starch granules during gelatinization. This study could provide new insights for the production of rice products and for prolonging their shelf life during storage. 

Effect of the addition of pregelatinized rice starch paste on the retrogradation of rice starch gel

Starch composite gels can be used for three-dimensional (3D) printing aiming at producing food products with a designed shape. Sodium alginate (SA), as a common thickener, is used for the fabrication of starch composite gels in 3D printing protocols. However, the printing windows and mechanism of 3D printing of starch and SA composition gel remain unclear. The geometric accuracy, rheological properties, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to evaluate starch composite gels and their products to get the structure-properties-printing ability and accuracy. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were employed to simulate the 3D printing process. The results showed that SA was capable of improving the 3D printing feasibility of the starch gels. However, the successful printing zone was limited by the 3D printing windows which prepared for the normal maize starch (NMS)/SA composite gels. SAXS data demonstrated that a smaller mesh size contributed to the higher storage modulus (G'). Principle component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis showed that the geometric accuracy was closely related to the rheological property of the composite gel. The CFD model explained an unevenness of the velocity distribution in the flow channel due to variations in the diameter of the extruded material, which caused an extrusion expansion effect during the 3D printing process. This study provided a theoretical basis for the standardization and quality control of raw materials for starch-based 3D printing. 

3D Printing windows and rheological properties for normal maize starch/sodium alginate composite gels

The effects of molecular fine structure on rice starch granule gelatinization dynamics as investigated by in situ small-angle X-ray scattering

Shale gas reservoirs are characterized by low porosity and low permeability which inhibits their large-scale commercial development. This has fueled research into the enhancement of gas recovery fr...

Evolution of Shale Microstructure under in Situ Heat Treatment: Synchrotron Small-Angle X-ray Scattering

Developing highly active catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction is vital for large-scale and efficient production of hydrogen through water splitting. In this study, we reported scale-up TiO2/LaFeO3 composite catalysts with multiple heterojunctions synthesized via facile solid-phase reaction and investigated their hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance in both acidic and alkaline solutions. To be excited, under AM1.5 simulated sunlight irradiation, the working electrode decorated by TiO2/LaFeO3 presents a higher current density with 10 mV/cm2 at 0.55 V in a 0.5 M H2SO4 solution, suppressing the corresponding performance with the occasion of pure electrocatalysis. Importantly, the hydrogen evolution efficiency can reach 7.62 mmol h−1 cm−2, overwhelming approximately 5.3 times higher than that of commercial P25 (1.43 mmol h−1 cm−2) with exceptional stability via imposing simulated sunlight and a bias of 500 mV. Therefore, such excellent catalysts could serve as an alternative to reach remarkable HER performance via fossil fuels free technology, potentially making contribution toward the goal of global “carbon neutral” by 2050.

Synthesis of TiO2/LaFeO3 composites for the photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution

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The effects of molecular fine structure on rice starch granule gelatinization dynamics as investigated by in situ small-angle X-ray scattering

Evolution of Shale Microstructure under in Situ Heat Treatment: Synchrotron Small-Angle X-ray Scattering

Synthesis of TiO2/LaFeO3 composites for the photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution