The rare earth modification of inclusions is an effective method to solve the critical issue of brittle inclusions leading to the failure of high manganese steel railway frog as one of the most essential assemble units of the railway operating system. The high manganese steel with rare earth yttrium was produced using a vacuum induction furnace. The multi-dimensional structural analysis of composite inclusions in the high manganese steel was performed to clarify the composition, crystal structure, and interface structure of the composite inclusions at multi-scales ranging from micrometers and nanometers to atoms and electrons. The chemical composition and morphology of composite inclusions were characterized by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. After modification with rare earth yttrium, the MnS-Al2O3 composite inclusions in the steel transform into Y2S3-Y2O2S composite inclusions with smaller dimensions and approximately spherical shapes. The interface structure and crystallographic orientation of the Y2S3-Y2O2S composite inclusions were revealed as Y2O2S (100) // Y2S3 (5 0 3) by the focused ion beams scanning electron microscopy and the high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis. Moreover, the first-principles calculations were performed to obtain the adsorption energies and electronic structures of Y and S atoms at various positions on different terminations of the three low-index surfaces ((1 0 0), (110), and (111)) of Y2O2S, which reveals the adsorption pathway of Y and S atoms and formation mechanism of enclosed phase Y2S3 on the core phase Y2O2S that the adsorbate Y and S atoms grew parallel to the Y2O2S (1 0 0) surface and formed specific hexagonal ring structures of Y2S3 crystal. 

Investigation on the formation mechanism of composite inclusions by multi-scale characterization in high manganese steel with yttrium addition

New Insights Into the Formation Mechanism of TiN–Al2O3 Composite Inclusions in Nickel-Based Superalloys Based on Density Functional Theory

The distribution and morphology of inclusions in steel have an important effect on the quality of steel. It has been proved that the oxide inclusions can be modified into small and dispersed spinel inclusions by adding proper amount of Mg in steel. The MnS-MgAl2O4 composite inclusions are formed with the core of MgAl2O4 inclusions during the solidification process of molten steel, which has deforming ability and can improve the properties of materials steel. However, the investigation of the control of the composite inclusions is limited by the lack of understanding structure of the inclusions. In this study, the Mg treated steel samples were prepared by induction furnace in this study. In the experiment, SEM-EDS was used to characterize the samples, and thermodynamic calculations were used to describe the evolution mechanism of inclusions and MnS-MgAl2O4 composite inclusions formed in steel samples with different Mg contents. The atomic mismatch calculated between MnS and MgAl2O4 proves that they can nucleate effectively. The three-dimensional (3D) morphology of the composite inclusion of MnS-MgAl2O4 in steel samples were observed by using the X-ray Micro-CT in the beamline of BL16U2 at Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility (SSRF). It is proved that MnS and MgAl2O4 phases exist in the form of co-associated, which is valuable for the control of composite inclusions in steel. The current work provide a powerful method to analyze the detailed structure of the composite inclusions in the steel. 

/pdf/thermodynamic-formation-and-three-dimensional-1le2tlj8.pdf

Thermodynamic formation and three-dimensional characterization of MnS-MgAl2O4 composite inclusions in steel

The effect of Mg on MnS inclusion and the formation mechanism of (Mn,Mg)S‐MgAl 2 O 4 (MA) composite inclusion are analyzed by combining observation for the inclusions in medium microalloyed steel with (and without) 15 ppm Mg, thermodynamics, phase diagram, and crystallography. The addition of magnesium can improve the morphology of inclusions and promote microstructure uniformity. MA is formed by the reaction of dissolved Mg, Al, and O in the Mn‐Mg‐Al‐S‐O liquid melt, while residual Mg is dissolved in MnS, forming (Mn,Mg)S. As the Mg content in the Mn‐Mg‐Al‐S‐O liquid melt increases, the precipitation temperature of the melt increases. Excessive Mg content can lead to a decrease in the proportion of MA in the melt, forming MgO instead of MA. Based on the two‐dimensional slices of MnS and MA, the three‐dimensional morphology can be derived. The lowest mismatch value is 8.00% when the interface is {111} of MnS and {110} of MA. 

Effect of Magnesium on Sulfide and Microstructure in Microalloyed Steel

Atomic-Scale Investigation on the Formation of MgAl2O4–MnS Inclusions in 304 Stainless Steel Based on Multi-scale Characterization and First-Principle Calculation

The complex inclusions of Al2O3–SiO2 is a common inclusion in the steel, which leads to the stress concentration in the steel products. The formation of MnS on the surface of Al2O3–SiO2 could reduce the stress concentration due to the high plasticity of the MnS. In this study, the formation of MnS–Al2SiO5 complex inclusions is investigated at the atomic level by using first principles calculation based on the density functional theory (DFT). The adsorption energy of the atoms of Mn and S on the Al2SiO5 (110) surface was calculated with various initial positions and sequence. The interaction among the atoms was calculated to analyze the stable structures after the adsorption of the Mn and S on the Al2SiO5 (110) surface. The formation of the MnS on the surface of Al2SiO5 was proved by analyze the structure formed by the adsorbed atoms that shows the similar tetracyclic structure of the MnS crystal. 

First Principles and Experimental Study on the Atomic Formation of MnS–Al2SiO5 Inclusions in Steel

Y. X. Qiao, 2, ∗ Z. C. Tao, ∗ F. Y. Wang, 5, ∗ Huaiqiang Wang, 5, † Z. C. Jiang, Z. T. Liu, 2 Soohyun Cho, F. Y. Zhang, 6 Q. K. Meng, W. Xia, 8 Y. C. Yang, Z. Huang, 3 J. S. Liu, 2 Z. H. Liu, 2 Z. W. Zhu, S. Qiao, 2, 3 Y. F. Guo, 8, ‡ Haijun Zhang, 5, § and Dawei Shen 2, ¶ State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, School of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China Shenzhen Institute for Quantum Science and Technology and Department of Physics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center and School of Physics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China ShanghaiTech Laboratory for Topological Physics, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China (Dated: August 23, 2022)

Multiple topological nodal structure in LaSb2 with large linear magnetoresistance

The current cut-off phenomenon of vacuum switch will generate high overvoltage in the electrical circuit, which threatens the safety and insulation of electrical equipment. Adding trace elements to the contact material is one of the important measures to reduce the cut-off level of vacuum switch. In this paper, based on the research background of adding trace element Te (tellurium) to CuCr (copper-chromium) contacts, the oscillating circuit and detachable vacuum interrupter are used to measure the interception value of CuCrTe contacts with different additions and different processing techniques, and study the trace elements. The effect of element Te on the cut-off value of CuCr contacts preliminarily proves that the improvement of contact material can affect the level of cut-off value. The results show that adding Te element to the CuCr contact can reduce the cutoff value of the material. As the content of Te element in the contact increases, the cut-off value decreases unidirectionally, and the high-frequency oscillation of arc voltage and current near the cut-off moment is more pronounced. Obviously, it indicates the threat of back-arc heavy breakdown. The experimental results can provide a reference for the comprehensive optimization of copper-chromium contact trace element addition and switch performance indicators. 

Experimental study on the effect of trace elements in copper-chromium contacts on the current cut-off level of vacuum switches

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