Citrus Huanglongbing (HLB, also known as citrus greening disease) was discovered in Florida in 2005 and is spreading rapidly amongst the citrus growing regions of the state. Detection via visual symptoms of the disease is not a long-term viable option. New techniques are being developed to test for the disease in its earlier presymptomatic stages. Fourier transform infrared–attenuated total reflection (FT-IR-ATR) spectroscopy is a candidate for rapid, inexpensive, early detection of the disease. The mid-infrared region of the spectrum reveals dramatic changes that take place in the infected leaves when compared to healthy non-infected leaves. The carbohydrates that give rise to peaks in the 900–1180 cm−1 range are reliable in distinguishing leaves from infected plants versus non-infected plants. A model based on chemometrics was developed using the spectra from 179 plants of known disease status. This model then correctly predicted the status of >95% of the plants tested.

Detection of Citrus Huanglongbing by Fourier Transform Infrared—Attenuated Total Reflection Spectroscopy:

An almost unique place within protein databases, twenty-five years of study has underscored the enigmatically subtle role of PrP(C) in normal cell biology It seems that PrP has evolved (and survived) to perform a function that does not have a precedent amongst transmembrane cell-surface proteins, perhaps representing a new type of plasma membrane ecosystem In a context where we await a clarifying insight to unify a panoply of PrP(C) data into logical molecular framework, the GPI-anchored N-glycosylated Doppel and Sho proteins are tantalizing in that they correspond roughly to the front and back halves of PrP(C) itself These molecules may be simpler - and more "understandable" - entities that can be pursued in parallel to PrP(C), and could open up the biology of mammalian prion proteins from fresh directions Dpl has a profound role in successful gametogenesis that warrants close scrutiny and a case for deeper study can be made for Sho, a recently discovered CNS-expressed protein with many parallels to established facets of PrP biochemistry In an aerial view of biomedical research, Sho and Dpl can be considered as adjacent islands in a prion protein archipelago As such, the coming years of molecular exploration should be extremely interesting

The PrP-Like Proteins Shadoo and Doppel

The 37-kDa laminin receptor precursor/67-kDa laminin receptor (LRP/LR, also known as ribosomal protein SA, RPSA) has been reported to be involved in cancer development and prion internalization. Previous studies have shown that the LRP/LR is expressed in a wide variety of tissues. In particular, expression of LRP/LR mRNA may be closely related to the degree of PrPSc propagation. This study presents a detailed investigation of the LRP/LR mRNA expression levels in eleven normal ovine tissues. Using real-time quantitative PCR, the highest LRP/LR expression was found in neocortex (p < 0.05). Slightly lower levels were found in the heart and obex. Intermediate levels were seen in hippocampus, cerebellum, spleen, thalamus, mesenteric lymph node, and the lowest levels were present in liver, kidney, and lung. In general, the LRP/LR mRNA levels were much higher in neuronal tissues than in peripheral tissues. The observation that differences in LRP/LR mRNA expression levels are consistent with the corresponding var...

Variable levels of 37-kDa/67-kDa laminin receptor (RPSA) mRNA in ovine tissues: potential contribution to the regulatory processes of PrPSc propagation?

Doppel is a homologue of cellular prion protein (PrP)-like protein (PrPC). Different tissue samples were collected from the central nervous system plus four regions of lymphoid system, eleven regions of digestive tract and two reproductive organs from four ARR/ARQ and four ARH/ARQ sheep, genotypes of the PrP gene. Total RNA was isolated from these samples, and Doppel mRNA was quantified by real-time RT-PCR using SYBR Green. Doppel mRNA expression was higher in the ovary, hypothalamus and brain than in other tissues, and it significantly differed between the two genotypes in brain, ileum, cecum, rectum, colon, and uterus. This study demonstrated that Doppel mRNA expression in sheep with ARR/ARQ or ARH/ARQ genotypes was very different. These findings could be helpful in future studies of the relationship between PrP and Doppel.

/pdf/expression-patterns-of-doppel-in-differential-ovine-prnp-55dtcdp2fy.pdf

Expression patterns of Doppel in differential ovine PRNP genotypes: quantification using real-time RT-PCR.

Flotation machines and flotation columns are widely used as separation equipment for coal sludge. In order to obtain better flotation results for different particle sizes, the bubble distribution and size in the flow field need to be studied. In this paper, a novel three-phase fluidized bed flotation column (TFC) was designed, and the shear effect of liquid velocity (0.198 m/s, 0.226 m/s, and 0.254 m/s) and static bed height (0.1 m, 0.2 m, and 0.3 m) on the bubbles in the mineralized flow field region was investigated and evaluated for the formation of bubbles by shear in laboratory and semi-industrial experiments. The results show that the increase in filling bed height has a very obvious strengthening effect on the reduction of bubble diameter, and after the filling bed height reaches a certain value, the filling bed height will weaken the effect of apparent gas velocity on bubble diameter. The apparent gas velocity has different influencing effects on bubble diameter, and under conditions of low water velocity, the increase in the apparent gas velocity contributes to the reduction of bubble diameter. The conclusions of this study are expected to optimize the operating parameters of the flotation mineralization process and enrich the study of TFC, which can provide a reference for the design of future TFC studies.

Study of a Novel Fluidized Bed Flotation Column with Enhanced Bubble Dispersion

Expression patterns of Doppel gene in golden hamster: quantification using real-time RT-PCR.

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Expression patterns of Doppel gene in golden hamster: quantification using real-time RT-PCR.