The Australopithecus-bearing sites of Koro Toro in central Chad yielded at least 9 species of bovids (Ruminantia: Bovidae). They all belong to genera found in North and/or East Africa, but three new species are named. Kobus korotorensis n. sp. is quite distinct from East African species, and is probably an early offshoot from primitive Reduncines. Kobus tchadensis n. sp. is more like some East African forms. Parmularius pachyceras n. sp. should rather be compared with a North African species. This relative endemism hinders precise biochronological correlation, but the best fit is in the range 2.7 - 3.4 Ma. The lack of Tragelaphines, and an abundance of Reduncines, Alcelaphines and Antilopines definitely points towards an open environment, that was drier than most East African sites of this age.

/pdf/pliocene-bovidae-mammalia-from-the-koro-toro-38qhgudz3g.pdf

Pliocene Bovidae (Mammalia) from the Koro Toro Australopithecine sites, Chad

The uncertain case for human-driven extinctions prior to Homo sapiens

Wonderwerk Cave, situated near Kuruman in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa, has yielded well-preserved horns of many antelope, including three horn fragments of Damaliscus niro. These specimens were discovered in the course of guano-mining operations in the 1940s. Remarkably, they retain a keratinous sheath. Dimensions of Pleistocene horn cores from Sterkfontein, Olduvai, Cornelia-Uitzoek, Florisbad and Maselspoort are used to assess the Wonderwerk specimens. Assuming that morphological variability can be used to assess relative chronology, we suggest that the Wonderwerk specimens date to the Middle Pleistocene, intermediate in age between specimens from Florisbad (between 400 000 and 100 000 years BP) and Cornelia-Uitzoek (c. 800 000 years BP). One of the Wonderwerk specimens has a radiocarbon date of close to the limit of the method. We interpret this to reflect an indefinite age of greater than 40 000 years ago. This is not in conflict with the suggested Middle Pleistocene age of the specimens. The horns are of further interest in that the keratin sheaths have carbon-nitrogen ratios that suggest the presence of protein suitable for ancient-DNA analysis.

/pdf/damaliscus-niro-horns-from-wonderwerk-cave-and-other-xndluj9w7j.pdf

Damaliscus niro horns from Wonderwerk Cave and other Pleistocene sites: morphological and chronological considerations

Fossil herbivores and crocodiles as paleoclimatic indicators of environmental shifts from Bed I and Bed II times of the Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

Biased preservation of Pleistocene climate variability proxies at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

Olduvai Gorge 1951-1961. Volume 1. Fauna and Background

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Olduvai Gorge 1951-1961. Volume 1. Fauna and Background