Groundwater quality in the alluvial plains of Punjab has special significance and needs great attention since it is the foremost source of drinking, irrigation and industrial uses. The present research work emphasizes the integrated hydrogeochemical and chemometric statistical approaches to appraise the geochemical processes and source apportionment of the groundwater in the alluvial plains of Jalandhar district, Punjab, India. The human health risk assessment was also performed to quantify the potential non-carcinogenic impacts of nitrate and fluoride on human health through ingestion of groundwater. For this purpose, 41 groundwater samples were collected from different groundwater abstraction units and analysed for pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, total alkalinity and major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3−, CO32−, SO42−, NO3−, F−, Cl− and PO43−) using standard protocols. Drinking water quality index and Revelle index showed that groundwater samples fall under poor to unfit water class and salinization along the south-western portion of the study region shows poor water quality. The results of the hazard index (HIingestion) show 68% and 46.34% of the groundwater samples have HI > 1 for children and adults. The non-carcinogenic health risk assessment of nitrate (NO3−) and fluoride (F−) on the local population indicated that the children are more vulnerable through direct ingestion of drinking water than adults. Piper diagram and saturation index reveal that Ca2+–Mg2+–HCO3− is the dominant hydrochemical facies and oversaturated with calcite, dolomite and aragonite minerals in the groundwater. Gibbs diagrams, chloro-alkaline indices and scatter plots show that the hydrochemistry of the groundwater is mainly governed by aquifer material interaction such as weathering of silicate, carbonate rock, halite dissolution and cation exchange process. Chemometric statistical techniques revealed that the source identification of parameters such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3−, CO3− and F− is originated from geogenic factors, whereas NO3−, SO42−, Cl− and PO43− are from the anthropogenic origin. Therefore, urgent and efficient measures must be taken to combat groundwater pollution and reduce human health risk in the study area.

Evaluation of groundwater quality and human health risks from fluoride and nitrate in semi-arid region of northern India

Xinle City is located in the upper reaches of the Daqing River basin, north China. Influenced by intense and extensive industrial and agricultural activities, sodium and nitrate pollution of the groundwater is becoming more and more serious in the study area. With an effort to quantitatively describe the present situation of groundwater and analyze the specific sources of the main ingredients, 32 well samples were collected and analyzed for understanding the hydrochemical characteristics and the suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. Gibbs diagrams, Piper diagrams, solubility diagram, and ionic correlation analysis were used to assess the groundwater formation process. Drinking water quality index (DWQI) based on TDS, pH, K+, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, Cl−, HCO3−, SO42− and NO3− was used to evaluate the quality for drinking, while irrigation water quality index (IWQI) based on EC, Na%, permeability index (PI), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium bicarbonate (RSBC) and magnesium (MH) were used to assess the water quality for irrigation. The results demonstrated that the groundwater hydrochemical type in Xinle City is mainly dominated by the typical Ca∙Na-HCO3 and Ca-HCO3. Groundwater in the study area was found to be suitable for long-term drinking and irrigation. The abundances of ions are Ca2+>Na+>Mg2+>K+ for cations, and HCO3−>SO42−>NO3−>Cl−>F− for anions. The concentrations of Na+ and NO3− in groundwater are high in the study area. Particularly, the value of NO3− in some water samples far exceeds the WHO and Chinese standard limits. Na+ and NO3− are mainly of anthropogenic source, and they are from industrial pollution and agricultural pollution, respectively. Therefore, reducing the concentrations of Na+ and NO3− in groundwater is essential for the sustainable utilization of groundwater resources in the study area. The recommendations suggested in this research may provide insights for decision makers to make sound groundwater quality policies, and thus could be helpful to prevent further groundwater pollution in the study area.

Solute geochemistry and groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation purposes: a case study in Xinle City, North China

Abstract The main objective of the present study is to perform risk assessment of groundwater contaminated by nitrate (NO 3 − ) and evaluate the suitability of groundwater for domestic purposes in the Palani region of South India. Thirty groundwater samples were collected in the study area. Various groundwater quality analysis parameters such as the pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total hardness, major cations (Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , Na + , and K + ), and major anions (Cl − , SO 4 2− , F − , CO 3 2− , and HCO 3 − ) were adopted in this study to evaluate the drinking water suitability according to 2011 World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Piper and Gibbs’s diagrams for the tested groundwater indicated that, due to the influence of rock–water interactions, evaporation, and reverse ion exchange, the chemical composition of groundwater varied. According to water quality index (WQI) mapping results, 46.67% of the sample locations was identified as contaminated zones via GIS spatial analysis. Multivariate statistical analysis methods, such as principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and the Pearson correlation matrix, were applied to better understand the relationship between water quality parameters. The results demonstrated that 40% of the samples could be identified as highly affected zones in the study region due to a high nitrate concentration. The noncarcinogenic health risks among men, women, and children reached 40, 50, and 53%, respectively. The results illustrated that children and women occurred at a higher risk than did men in the study region. The major sources of contamination included discharge from households, uncovered septic tanks, leachate from waste dump sites, and excess utilization of fertilizers in the agricultural sector. Furthermore, using the nitrate health hazard integrated method with the conventional indexing approach ensures that groundwater reliability can be guaranteed, contamination can be explored, and appropriate remedial measures can be implemented. 

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10653-022-01237-5.pdf

An integrated approach to explore the suitability of nitrate-contaminated groundwater for drinking purposes in a semiarid region of India

Groundwater is a major source for domestic and agricultural uses in Natham Taluk, Dindigul district, Tamil Nadu, India. The intention of this study is to determine the quality of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes in the hard rock region. Totally, 37 samples were collected and analysed for physical parameters that are pH, EC, TDS, TH, major cations and anions. Piper diagram shows that Ca-HCO3 and mixed Ca-Mg-Cl is the most prominent type of water. Gibbs diagram reveals that the higher concentrations of magnesium, sodium and potassium ions are accredited to geological sources such as rock-water interaction, ion exchange process and evaporation that are the major factors affecting the nature of groundwater. In view of irrigation indices, most of the sample locations are fit for irrigation use except magnesium hazard value. Additional statistical analysis, such as correlation and principal component analysis, was calculated using SPSS software. All results are indicated; weathering, rock-water interactions and anthropogenic activities are a significant factor that alters the existence of groundwater in the research area.

A GIS-based evaluation of hydrochemical characterisation of groundwater in hard rock region, South Tamil Nadu, India

Identifying influencing groundwater parameter on human health associate with irrigation indices using the Automatic Linear Model (ALM) in a semi-arid region in India

Multivariate analysis and geochemical signatures of groundwater in the agricultural dominated taluks of Jalandhar district, Punjab, India

The identification of the deceased individuals in case of crime and mass disasters is of utmost challenge to the forensic experts. The lack of fingerprint data makes it challenging to identify the victims of mass disasters. Dental identifications have always played a key role in natural and manmade disaster situations, and, the mass casualties normally associated with aviation disasters, Tsunami etc. Hence Prosthodontics can play an important tool for the investigators to easily identify the victims through denture marking techniques. Incorporating a paper or embossing the data of patient in denture can be tough to read by naked eye because of the opacity of the acrylic resin. Hence the laser can be an especially useful tool in auto-identification as it is cost effective, time effective and less cumbersome.

Role of Lasers in Forensic Prosthodontics-A Review

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Multivariate analysis and geochemical signatures of groundwater in the agricultural dominated taluks of Jalandhar district, Punjab, India

Role of Lasers in Forensic Prosthodontics-A Review