The impact-induced deposition of Al13 clusters with icosahedral structure on Ni(0 0 1) surface was studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulation using Finnis–Sinclair potentials. The incident kinetic energy (Ein) ranged from 0.01 to 30 eV per atom. The structural and dynamical properties of Al clusters on Ni surfaces were found to be strongly dependent on the impact energy. At much lower energy, the Al cluster deposited on the surface as a bulk molecule. However, the original icosahedral structure was transformed to the fcc-like one due to the interaction and the structure mismatch between the Al cluster and Ni surface. With increasing the impinging energy, the cluster was deformed severely when it contacted the substrate, and then broken up due to dense collision cascade. The cluster atoms spread on the surface at last. When the impact energy was higher than 11 eV, the defects, such as Al substitutions and Ni ejections, were observed. The simulation indicated that there exists an optimum energy range, which is suitable for Al epitaxial growth in layer by layer. In addition, at higher impinging energy, the atomic exchange between Al and Ni atoms will be favourable to surface alloying.

Nuclear instruments and methods in physics research section B : beam interactions with materials and atoms

The peripheral sensory nerves that innervate the cornea can be easily damaged by trauma, surgery, infection or diabetes. Several growth factors and axon guidance molecules, such as Semaphorin3A (Sema3A) are upregulated upon cornea injury. Nerves can regenerate after injury but do not recover their original density and patterning. Sema3A is a well known axon guidance and growth cone repellent protein during development, however its role in adult cornea nerve regeneration remains undetermined. Here we investigated the neuro-regenerative potential of Sema3A on adult peripheral nervous system neurons such as those that innervate the cornea. First, we examined the gene expression profile of the Semaphorin class 3 family members and found that all are expressed in the cornea. However, upon cornea injury there is a fast increase in Sema3A expression. We then corroborated that Sema3A totally abolished the growth promoting effect of nerve growth factor (NGF) on embryonic neurons and observed signs of growth cone collapse and axonal retraction after 30 min of Sema3A addition. However, in adult isolated trigeminal ganglia or dorsal root ganglia neurons, Sema3A did not inhibited the NGF-induced neuronal growth. Furthermore, adult neurons treated with Sema3A alone produced similar neuronal growth to cells treated with NGF and the length of the neurites and branching was comparable between both treatments. These effects were replicated in vivo, where thy1-YFP neurofluorescent mice subjected to cornea epithelium debridement and receiving intrastromal pellet implantation containing Sema3A showed increased corneal nerve regeneration than those receiving pellets with vehicle. In adult PNS neurons, Sema3A is a potent inducer of neuronal growth in vitro and cornea nerve regeneration in vivo. Our data indicates a functional switch for the role of Sema3A in PNS neurons where the well-described repulsive role during development changes to a growth promoting effect during adulthood. The high expression of Sema3A in the normal and injured adult corneas could be related to its role as a growth factor.

Semaphorin3A induces nerve regeneration in the adult cornea-a switch from its repulsive role in development.

Environmental damages due to war in Ukraine: A perspective.

Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease that was once endemic in west and central Africa caused by monkeypox virus. However, cases recently have been confirmed in many nonendemic countries outside of Africa. WHO declared the ongoing monkeypox outbreak to be a public health emergency of international concern on July 23, 2022, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The rapidly increasing number of confirmed cases could pose a threat to the international community. Here, we review the epidemiology of monkeypox, monkeypox virus reservoirs, novel transmission patterns, mutations and mechanisms of viral infection, clinical characteristics, laboratory diagnosis and treatment measures. In addition, strategies for the prevention, such as vaccination of smallpox vaccine, is also included. Current epidemiological data indicate that high frequency of human-to-human transmission could lead to further outbreaks, especially among men who have sex with men. The development of antiviral drugs and vaccines against monkeypox virus is urgently needed, despite some therapeutic effects of currently used drugs in the clinic. We provide useful information to improve the understanding of monkeypox virus and give guidance for the government and relative agency to prevent and control the further spread of monkeypox virus. 

/pdf/monkeypox-epidemiology-pathogenesis-treatment-and-prevention-2y7yzkvx.pdf

Monkeypox: epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention

The COVID‐19 pandemic and its accompanying infection control measures introduced sudden and significant disruptions to the lives of children and adolescents around the world. Given the potential for negative impacts on the mental health of youths as a result of these changes, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis to examine the prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and sleep disturbances in children and adolescents during the pandemic. We searched major literature databases for relevant cross‐sectional or longitudinal studies that included primary and secondary school students or children and adolescents ≤18 years of age. Prevalence values were extracted, logit‐transformed, and pooled. Based on 191 included studies with 1,389,447 children and adolescents, we found the pooled prevalence of depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, and sleep disturbances to be 31%, 31%, and 42%, respectively. Age, grade levels, education levels, gender, geographical regions, and electronics use were correlated with the prevalence of mental health symptoms. The prevalence of mental health symptoms also increased with time, although signs of recovery and stabilization were also observed. Overall, the results from this review demonstrate the need for increased mental health research, monitoring, and intervention for children and adolescents during the current and future pandemics.

Prevalence of mental health symptoms in children and adolescents during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A meta‐analysis

ABSTRACT Since commencement of COVID-19 pandemic, several SARS-CoV-2 variants have emerged amid containment efforts via vaccination. The Delta variant (B.1.617.2), discovered in October 2020, was designated as a VOC by the WHO on May 11, 2021. The enhanced transmissibility of Delta variant has been associated with critical mutations such as D614G, L452R, P681R, and T478K in the S-protein. The increased affinity of the S-protein and ACE2 has been postulated as a key reason for decreased vaccine efficacy. As per evidence, the Delta variant possesses increased transmissibility and decreased vaccine efficacy compared to other VOCs like Alpha and Beta. This has led to concerns regarding the acquisition of novel mutations in the Delta variant and outbreaks in vulnerable communities, including vaccinated people. In this mini-review of Delta variant, we have explained its evolution and characteristics, the impact of spike mutations on infectivity and immune evasion, and measures to combat future outbreaks.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21645515.2022.2068883?needAccess=true

Delta variant (B.1.617.2) of SARS-CoV-2: Mutations, impact, challenges and possible solutions

mRNA vaccines as an armor to combat the infectious diseases.

The field of nanotechnology has revolutionised global attempts to prevent, treat, and eradicate infectious diseases in the foreseen future. Nanovaccines have proven to be a valuable pawn in this novel technology. Nanovaccines are made up of nanoparticles that are associated with or prepared with components that can stimulate the host's immune system. In addition to their delivery capabilities, the nanocarriers have been demonstrated to possess intrinsic adjuvant properties, working as immune cell stimulators. Thus, nanovaccines have the potential to promote rapid as well as long-lasting humoral and cellular immunity. The nanovaccines have several possible benefits, including site-specific antigen delivery, increased antigen bioavailability, and a diminished adverse effect profile. To avail these benefits, several nanoparticle-based vaccines are being developed, including virus-like particles, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, nanogels, lipid nanoparticles, emulsion vaccines, exomes, and inorganic nanoparticles. Inspired by their distinctive properties, researchers are working on the development of nanovaccines for a variety of applications, such as cancer immunotherapy and infectious diseases. Although a few challenges still need to be overcome, such as modulation of the nanoparticle pharmacokinetics to avoid rapid elimination from the bloodstream by the reticuloendothelial system, The future prospects of this technology are also assuring, with multiple options such as personalised vaccines, needle-free formulations, and combination nanovaccines with several promising candidates. 

Nanovaccines: A game changing approach in the fight against infectious diseases.

Clinical trials are the essential assessment for safe, reliable, and effective drug development. Data-related limitations, extensive manual efforts, remote patient monitoring, and the complexity of traditional clinical trials on patients drive the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in medical and healthcare organisations. For expeditious and streamlined clinical trials, a personalised AI solution is the best utilisation. AI provides broad utility options through structured, standardised, and digitally driven elements in medical research. The clinical trials are a time-consuming process with patient recruitment, enrollment, frequent monitoring, and medical adherence and retention. With an AI-powered tool, the automated data can be generated and managed for the trial lifecycle with all the records of the medical history of the patient as patient-centric AI. AI can intelligently interpret the data, feed downstream systems, and automatically fill out the required analysis report. This article explains how AI has revolutionised innovative ways of collecting data, biosimulation, and early disease diagnosis for clinical trials and overcomes the challenges more precisely through cost and time reduction, improved efficiency, and improved drug development research with less need for rework. The future implications of AI to accelerate clinical trials are important in medical research because of its fast output and overall utility.

Revolutionizing clinical trials: the role of ai in accelerating medical breakthroughs

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9098802

Russo-Ukrainian war amid the COVID-19 pandemic: Global impact and containment strategy

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