Assessment of microplastics in freshwater systems: A review.

Surging dismissal of plastics into water resources results in the splintered debris generating microscopic particles called microplastics. The reduced size of microplastic makes it easier for intake by aquatic organisms resulting in amassing of noxious wastes, thereby disturbing their physiological functions. Microplastics are abundantly available and exhibit high propensity for interrelating with the ecosystem thereby disrupting the biogenic flora and fauna. About 71% of the earth surface is occupied by oceans, which holds 97% of the earth's water. The remaining 3% is present as water in ponds, streams, glaciers, ice caps, and as water vapor in the atmosphere. Microplastics can accumulate harmful pollutants from the surroundings thereby acting as transport vectors; and simultaneously can leach out chemicals (additives). Plastics in marine undergo splintering and shriveling to form micro/nanoparticles owing to the mechanical and photochemical processes accelerated by waves and sunlight, respectively. Microplastics differ in color and density, considering the type of polymers, and are generally classified according to their origins, i.e., primary and secondary. About 54.5% of microplastics floating in the ocean are polyethylene, and 16.5% are polypropylene, and the rest includes polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polyester, and polyamides. Polyethylene and polypropylene due to its lower density in comparison with marine water floats and affect the oceanic surfaces while materials having higher density sink affecting seafloor. The effects of plastic debris in the water and aquatic systems from various literature and on how COVID-19 has become a reason for microplastic pollution are reviewed in this paper.

/pdf/effect-of-microplastics-in-water-and-aquatic-systems-58fcelvay5.pdf

Effect of microplastics in water and aquatic systems.

Are we underestimating the sources of microplastic pollution in terrestrial environment

Microplastics, which are plastic debris with a particle diameter of less than 5 mm, have attracted growing attention in recent years. Its widespread distributions in a variety of habitats have urged scientists to understand deeper regarding their potential impact on the marine living resources. Most studies on microplastics hitherto are focused on the marine environment, and research on risk assessment methodology is still limited. To understand the distribution of microplastics in urban rivers, this study investigated river sediments in Shanghai, the largest urban area in China. Seven sites were sampled to ensure maximum coverage of the city's central districts, and a tidal flat was also included to compare with river samples. Density separation, microscopic inspection and μ-FT-IR analysis were conducted to analyze the characteristics of microplastics and the type of polymers. The average abundance of microplastics in six river sediment samples was 802 items per kilogram of dry weight. The abundance in rivers was one to two orders of magnitude higher than in the tidal flat. White microplastic spheres were most commonly distributed in river sediments. Seven types of microplastics were identified, of which polypropylene was the most prevailing polymers presented. The study then conducted risk assessment of microplastics in sediments based on the observed results, and proposed a framework of environmental risk assessment. After reviewing waste disposal related legislation and regulations in China, this study conclude that in situ data and legitimate estimations should be incorporated as part of the practice when developing environmental policies aiming to tackle microplastic pollution.

Microplastics in Freshwater River Sediments in Shanghai, China: A Case Study of Risk Assessment in Mega Cities

Effect of microplastics exposure on the photosynthesis system of freshwater algae.

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0734242X18785730

Worldwide distribution and abundance of microplastic: How dire is the situation?

This review aims to give a detailed overview of various bioremediation technologies used for the decontamination of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB)-polluted environments; discuss the bioaugmentation approaches employed to treat PCB-polluted soil, sediment, and wastewater; explore the limitations of bioaugmentation and the strategies to improve its efficiency; give an update on the current state of biodegradation studies on PCB and their mechanisms; explore the future research prospects on bioremediation based on the articles discussed in the current review. Extensive analysis of original works has revealed that the various bioremediation strategies displayed varying efficiencies with most found to be efficient. Coupling of treatment methods has been found effective in the decontamination of polluted sites. The biodegradation of PCB revealed that the concentrations of highly-chlorinated PCB can be substantially reduced under sequential anaerobic and aerobic processes. The study revealed that the concentrations of PCB in contaminated media declined largely due to the degradation of congeners with one or more chlorine atoms. Various enzymes participated in the degradation of PCB and include multicomponent dioxygenase (bphA, E, F, and G), dehydrogenases (bphB), second dioxygenase (bphC), and hydrolase (bphD). The review provides novel biological treatment strategies for the management of PCB-contaminated sites. 

Bioaugmentation-assisted bioremediation and biodegradation mechanisms for PCB in contaminated environments: A review on sustainable clean-up technologies

Pasteurella multocida bacteremia: A case report of pelvic cavity inflammation with abnormal uterine bleeding, fever, and sclerotic bone lesions

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Worldwide distribution and abundance of microplastic: How dire is the situation?

Bioaugmentation-assisted bioremediation and biodegradation mechanisms for PCB in contaminated environments: A review on sustainable clean-up technologies

Pasteurella multocida bacteremia: A case report of pelvic cavity inflammation with abnormal uterine bleeding, fever, and sclerotic bone lesions