The origin and pre-Cenozoic evolution of the Tibetan Plateau

On the ages of flood basalt events

/pdf/revised-definition-of-large-igneous-provinces-lips-3c10x1yfrr.pdf

Revised definition of Large Igneous Provinces (LIPs)

The golden transformation of the Cretaceous plate subduction in the West Pacific

Cenozoic convergence between the Indian and Asian plates pro- duced the archetypical continental collision zone comprising the Himalaya mountain belt and the Tibetan Plateau. How and where India-Asia convergence was accommodated after collision at or be- fore 52 Ma remains a long-standing controversy. Since 52 Ma, the two plates have converged up to 3,600 35 km, yet the upper crustal shortening documented from the geological record of Asia and the Himalaya is up to approximately 2,350-km less. Here we show that the discrepancy between the convergence and the shortening can be explained by subduction of highly extended continental and oceanic Indian lithosphere within the Himalaya be- tween approximately 50 and 25 Ma. Paleomagnetic data show that this extended continental and oceanic "Greater India" promontory resulted from 2,675 700 km of North-South extension between 120 and 70 Ma, accommodated between the Tibetan Himalaya and cratonic India. We suggest that the approximately 50 Ma "India"- Asia collision was a collision of a Tibetan-Himalayan microconti- nent with Asia, followed by subduction of the largely oceanic Greater India Basin along a subduction zone at the location of the Greater Himalaya. The "hard" India-Asia collision with thicker and contiguous Indian continental lithosphere occurred around 25-20 Ma. This hard collision is coincident with far-field deforma- tion in central Asia and rapid exhumation of Greater Himalaya crys- talline rocks, and may be linked to intensification of the Asian monsoon system. This two-stage collision between India and Asia is also reflected in the deep mantle remnants of subduction imaged with seismic tomography.

/pdf/greater-india-basin-hypothesis-and-a-two-stage-cenozoic-3ardhwqxn0.pdf

Greater India Basin hypothesis and a two-stage Cenozoic collision between India and Asia

The Kerguelen hotspot (Indian Ocean) has produced basalt for …130 Myr, among the longest known volcanic records from a single source. New and published 40Ar/39Ar age determinations from the Kerguelen Plateau, Broken Ridge, Rajmahal Traps, and Bunbury basalts, and of Indian and Antarctic dikes help to document the hotspot’s history. Using radiometric dates and crustal structure determined from geophysical data and drilling results, we calculate the magmatic output of the Kerguelen hotspot through time. Output rates have varied in ways not predicted by current geodynamic models; maximum eruption volumes postdate the initial surface manifestation of the hotspot as well as break-up between Antarctica and India by ∶15 Myr, and magma output rates were high, as well as geographically diverse, over an interval of 25 Myr, from …120 to …95 Ma. We propose two alternatives to the standard mantle plume paradigm, one involving multiple plume sources, and another consisting of a single, but dismembered plume source.

/pdf/kerguelen-hotspot-magma-output-since-130-ma-1br9jassfl.pdf

Kerguelen Hotspot Magma Output since 130 Ma

Although the submergent Kerguelen Plateau
(KP), a large igneous province in the Southern Indian Ocean,
was initiated after the rifting of India from Antarctica, i ts
construction, fed by the Kerguelen hot spot, has taken place
over the past c. 114 m. y. Preliminary shipboard paleontologic
and paleomagnetic dates from ODP Leg 183 on marine
sediments above igneous basement help constraint the
growth history of this feature. The oldest such date is late
Albian (105- 106 Ma or younger) from Site 1136 on the
southern K.P, whereas the youngest is early Oligocene (more
precisely, 34 Ma) from Sites 1139 and 1140 on the northern
KP. Elan Bank provided intermediate ages of late Campanian
(c. 75 Ma); however, Site. 1 138 on the central KP yielded
lower Turonian (c. 93.5 Ma) marine sediments (Cenomanian/
Turonian boundary "black shales") above upper Albian -
lowest Cenomanian (c. 102-96 Ma) non-marine (fluvial)
claystones, sandstones, and conglomerates. This latter date
(from shore-based palynology) diminishes considerably the
previously inferred age difference between the southern and
central KP and, in so doing, tends to blur the geophysical
distinction between these two domains.

The Kerguelen Plateau: new paleontologic and paleomagnetic age constraints on growth history from ODP Leg 183 drilling

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Kerguelen Hotspot Magma Output since 130 Ma

The Kerguelen Plateau: new paleontologic and paleomagnetic age constraints on growth history from ODP Leg 183 drilling