Aims Our aim was to describe our protocol for emergency percutaneous implantation of femoral veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) in the catheterisation laboratory and to compare its effectiveness and safety with implantation in the intensive care unit and the operating room. Methods and results Our retrospective observational study enrolled 56 consecutive patients undergoing VA ECMO implantation in the catheterisation laboratory (n=23), the intensive care unit (n=8) and the operating room (n=25). Among patients undergoing catheterisation laboratory implantation, 11 patients had profound cardiogenic shock but preserved arterial pulsations, and 12 patients had refractory cardiac arrest undergoing automated mechanical chest compression. Using our fluoroscopy-guided protocol, arterial and venous cannulas were successfully implanted and the desired ECMO flow obtained in each patient. There was no vessel perforation/dissection. Moderate/severe GUSTO or BARC 3 and 5 bleeding occurred in 13%. Ipsilateral limb ischaemia occurred in one of eight patients (13%) with upfront perfusion sheath implantation, and in two of three patients (75%) in whom this strategy was not used (p=0.15). There was no infection at the site of cannula implantation. Complications related to implantation in the catheterisation laboratory were comparable to surgical implantation in the operating room and percutaneous implantation in the intensive care unit using ultrasound guidance. Conclusions Fluoroscopy-guided emergency implantation of femoral VA ECMO by an interventional cardiologist in the catheterisation laboratory is effective and safe for both patients in cardiogenic shock and those in refractory cardiac arrest.

Emergency percutaneous implantation of veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the catheterisation laboratory.

Successful Use of Intravenous B-blocker Therapy in Cardiogenic Shock Supported With Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Case Series

Successful use of intravenous B-blocker therapy in cardiogenic shock supported with venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: A case series.

*Corresponding author: Department of Cardiology, Canberra Hospital, Garran 2605, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. E-mail: Varun.Malik@act.gov.au PRESENTATION OF THE CASE A 51-year-old male (DT) with an extensive history of ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and previous percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) was admitted for a second attempt at wide local excision of a lower lip squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), for which his second antiplatelet agent was withheld. Shortly after, he developed a brief episode of chest pain with no electrocardiogram (ECG) changes or cardiac enzyme rise, and was discharged home later that day. That evening, he developed twenty minutes of ischaemic-sounding chest pain associated with a brief loss of consciousness. He was re-admitted for management of a non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) as per the acute coronary syndrome (ACS) therapeutic guidelines. Mr DT was known to be poorly compliant with medical advice and non-adherent to medications. He failed to stop smoking and used intravenous recreational drugs, including amphetamines and cannabis, confirmed by toxicology screening during one of his prior admissions, although he repeatedly denied recent use. Mr DT has a background of accelerated coronary artery disease (CAD), presenting initially with a NSTEMI 13 months earlier, with his first coronary angiography (CAG) showing a severe lesion of the posterior descending artery (PDA) branch of the right coronary artery (RCA), which was stented with a bare metal stent CASE SUMMARY

How should I treat this unusual anterolateral ST-elevation myocardial infarction with recurrent ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest?

Because of continuous improvements in emergency prehospital services, high-volume ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) networks are nowadays admitting increasing numbers of patients with hemodynamic deterioration including profound cardiogenic shock and refractory cardiac arrest. The intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP) unfortunately offers only limited hemodynamic support without evidence of improved outcomes in the randomized SHOCK-IABP trial [1]. Accordingly, in a busy 24-7 catheterization laboratory, there is an unmet need for an active full-flow device which can be quickly and easily implanted by an interventional cardiologist. Such a device would promptly stabilize a patient, allow subsequent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in a more stable condition and buy time for myocardial recovery or serve as a bridge to a long-term assist device or heart transplantation. Various devices such as the Impella or TandemHeart, as well as veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO), are nowadays available. Each of these devices has advantages and disadvantages in terms of complexity, implantation procedure, hemodynamic characteristics, complications and costs. Importantly, none of the devices has yet been demonstrated to improve clinical outcomes, although available randomized trials are significantly underpowered.

In this issue of the journal, Litwinski et al. report a non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) patient with life-threatening iatrogenic left main dissection during coronary angiography which could not be solved by stenting [2]. As expected, the patient immediately developed cardiogenic shock refractory to mechanical ventilation and inotropes. No hemodynamic support was used before or during the transport to a tertiary center, where he underwent immediate coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Despite surgical revascularization, severe left ventricular pump failure refractory to pharmacological treatment and IABP persisted. The patient was therefore put on postcardiotomy central VA ECMO for 14 days, survived to hospital discharge and is now a candidate for heart transplant.

What can we learn from this case report? Obviously, with such an unresolved complication and without active circulatory support, the patient was very fortunate to survive transportation to a tertiary institution. I suspect there was a partial restoration of anterograde flow despite dissection, which, together with presence of the right dominant coronary system, kept him from refractory cardiac arrest. The majority of such patients are not so lucky. This brings us to the question of whether it is necessary to have an effective hemodynamic support device in every 24-7 catheterization laboratory to bridge severe hemodynamic deterioration which may be present in some patients already at admission and persist despite successful PCI, or develop, fortunately very rarely, as a consequence of complications or failed PCI.

In such critical situations, we would use VA ECMO, which is an active technique, able to generate normal cardiac output and thereby completely replace the heart and lung [3, 4]. Because of technical developments, the VA ECMO console has become smaller and priming may nowadays be safely performed by trained nurses in 5 to 10 min in the catheterization laboratory (Figure 1 A). Since there is no need of a dedicated perfusion specialist, the logistics becomes much easier. On the other hand, central implantation via thoracotomy which was performed in this case, as well as peripheral surgical implantation by cut down/vessel exposure, is being nowadays replaced by percutaneous femoral implantation [5, 6]. Because front wall femoral puncture and fluoroscopy-guided cannula placement using supportive extra stiff wires are the key safety measures, the catheterization laboratory with a trained interventional cardiologist is considered to be an excellent environment for percutaneous implantation [7] (Figure 1 B). Moreover, infrarenal angiography, which can be readily performed in the catheterization laboratory, facilitates selection of the least diseased site for arterial cannula and upfront implantation of the distal perfusion sheath to prevent ipsilateral limb ischemia [5, 8] (Figure 2). Implantation of the VA ECMO device in the catheterization laboratory is therefore rather easy and quick for a skilled interventional cardiologist, and there is no need for excessive training. I believe that a much more critical link in the management of VA ECMO patients is the acute cardiac care intensivist, who should join the interventional cardiologist already in the catheterization laboratory and take over ECMO setup, monitoring and intensive care treatment. A skilled intensive care unit team with 24-7 immediate access to cardiovascular surgery, an advanced heart failure program and other medical subspecialties are crucial for ultimate survival of these patients. Since all these facilities are not available in every 24-7 cardiac interventional center, these patients should be centralized to a tertiary institution once stabilized on ECMO. There is no doubt that such transportation of patients on VA ECMO either by ambulance or helicopter can be safely performed.



Figure 1

VA ECMO console ready to be used next to IABP in the catheterization laboratory (A). Fluoroscopy- guided percutaneous implantation of venous VA ECMO cannula in the right groin (B) 





Figure 2

Right groin after percutaneous implantation of VA ECMO. Arterial and venous cannula are shown together with anterograde sheath for ipsilateral limb perfusion attached to arterial cannula via the side port



In conclusion, I expect that the place of IABP in the catheterization laboratory, which was our good neighbor for many years, will soon be taken by one of the younger and more powerful cousins. Whether percutaneous VA ECMO is the best alternative remains as yet unknown. Importantly, the answer may differ from institution to institution, which may also choose between newcomers such as the more powerful percutaneous Impella CP and Thoratec PHP, probably soon available also for routine clinical use.

https://www.termedia.pl/Journal/-35/pdf-26091-10?filename=prime time.pdf

Prime time for veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in 24-7 interventional cardiology center?

Cardiogenic shock represents the leading cause of death in hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndromes. Immediate revascularization, either percutaneous or surgical, currently represents the only intervention of proven benefit. Despite the lack of such proof, intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) and vasoactive drugs are typically used to improve hemodynamic stability on top of revascularization. Mechanical circulatory support devices beyond IABP such as Impella, TandemHeart and venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) are hemodynamically even more effective. Despite the lack of proven survival benefit, this technology might be lifesaving in case of profound hemodynamic deterioration in the catheterization laboratory. We describe a case of profound cardiac shock due to complicated coronary artery disease, recurrent cardiac arrest during PCI, intraarrest PCI intra-aortic balloon pump insertion and successful resuscitation after venoarterial ECMO placement. Complete revascularization was achieved following ECMO insertion and patient was discharged home on day 29 with no neurological sequelae with ejection fraction of 40%.

Rescue venoarterial ECMO in cardiogenic shock complicated by refractory cardiac arrest during percutaneous coronary intervention

a b s t r a c t Cardiogenic shock represents the leading cause of death in hospitalized patients with acute coronary syndromes. Immediate revascularization, either percutaneous or surgical, currently represents the only intervention of proven benefit. Despite the lack of such proof, intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) and vasoactive drugs are typically used to improve hemodynamic stability on top of revascularization. Mechanical circulatory support devices beyond IABP such as Impella, TandemHeart and venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) are hemodynamically even more effective. Despite the lack of proven survival benefit, this technology might be lifesaving in case of profound hemodynamic deterioration in the catheterization laboratory. We describe a case of profound cardiac shock due to complicated coronary artery disease, recurrent cardiac arrest during PCI, intraarrest PCI intra-aortic balloon pump insertion and successful resuscitation after venoarterial ECMO placement. Complete revascularization was achieved following ECMO insertion and patient was discharged home on day 29 with no neurological sequelae with ejection fraction of 40%.

Case report - Special issue: Acute Coronary Syndromes Rescue venoarterial ECMO in cardiogenic shock complicated by refractory cardiac arrest during percutaneous coronary intervention

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Rescue venoarterial ECMO in cardiogenic shock complicated by refractory cardiac arrest during percutaneous coronary intervention

Case report - Special issue: Acute Coronary Syndromes Rescue venoarterial ECMO in cardiogenic shock complicated by refractory cardiac arrest during percutaneous coronary intervention