Abstract Background Various medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds exhibited promising anticancer activities by inducing apoptosis, inhibiting angiogenesis, and modulating several signaling pathways in cancer cells. This study aims to assess whether two medicinal plant extracts have anticancer properties, Suaeda Palaestina and Zygophyllum album. Methods This study used Ehrlich solid tumor mice as its in vivo model. We divided male mice into five groups ( n = 5 per group). Group I was used as a control for Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC). Groups 2 and 3 were given Z. album extract 180 mg/kg and 360 mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally. Groups 4 and 5 were given the same dose of S. palaestina and treated three times a week for 2 weeks, starting on day 10 after EAC implantation. After 3 weeks, we collected blood samples and thigh skeletal muscle, homogenized them, and processed them for analysis. The results showed that Ehrlich solid rats (EST) treated with low-dose dichloromethane extracts from Z. album and S. palaestina had significantly smaller tumor sizes than the control group. Protein expression levels of p53, caspase 3, and Bcl-2 were quantified by western blotting. Results The extracts from both plants induced the hunger mechanism, leading to increased expression of p53 and caspase 3 and decreased expression of Bcl-2 at the protein level in EST mice treated with Z. album and S. palaestina . In addition, the comet assay indicated that these plants have a genotoxic potential for solid tumor cells. The T3 and T4 levels in EST blood samples revealed that both plants had significantly reduced the concentration of T3 and significantly increased T4 compared to the EST mice untreated group. Furthermore, these results showed that Z. album and S. palaestina had antiproliferative effects in EST mice through apoptosis-mediated genotoxicity. Conclusions These findings indicated that S. palaestina and Z. album could be considered potential natural sources of anticancer agents. 

Apoptosis and genotoxicity effects of Zygophyllum album and Suaeda palaestina extracts on Ehrlich solid carcinoma in mice

Abstract Main conclusion Growth was not strictly linked to photosynthesis performance under salinity conditions in quinoa. Other key traits, which were varieties-specific, rather than photosynthesis explained better growth performance . Abstract Phenotyping for salinity stress tolerance in quinoa is of great interest to select traits contributing to overall salinity tolerance and to understand the response mechanisms to salinity at a whole plant level. The objective of this work was to dissect the responses of specific traits and analyse relations between these traits to better understand growth response under salinity conditions in quinoa. Growth response to salinity was mostly related to differences in basal values of biomass, being reduced the most in plants with higher basal biomass. Regarding the relationship between growth and specific traits, in Puno variety, better photosynthetic performance was related to a better maintenance of growth. Nevertheless, in the rest of the varieties other traits rather than photosynthesis could better explain growth response. In this way, the development of succulence in F-16 and Collana varieties, also the osmotic adjustment but in smaller dimensions in Pasankalla, Marisma and S-15-15 helped to maintain better growth. Besides, smaller increases of Cl − could have caused a limited nitrate uptake reducing more growth in Vikinga. Ascorbate was considered a key trait as a noticeable fall of it was also related to higher reductions in growth in Titicaca. These results suggest that, due to the genetic variability of quinoa and the complexity of salinity tolerance, no unique and specific traits should be taken into consideration when using phenotyping for analysing salinity tolerance in quinoa. 

/pdf/photosynthesis-is-not-the-unique-useful-trait-for-2xhv8in3.pdf

Photosynthesis is not the unique useful trait for discriminating salt tolerance capacity between sensitive and tolerant quinoa varieties

Enzymatic Activity in Halophytes

Lentil (Lens culinaris) and soybean (Glycine max) are proteinaceous legumes susceptible to salinity stress. This study aimed to evaluate the fertigating potential of silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) in improving physiochemical status, yield parameters, and seed nutritional qualities of the legumes exposed to salinity stress. Characterization of the synthesized SiNPs revealed amorphous, round-shaped particles, a size of 15-40 nm, and a surface charge of -6.18 mV. Different concentrations of SiNPs (0, 1, 5, 10 g/L) were applied to the plants in combination with four different concentrations of NaCl (0, 200, 400, 600 mM) during the reproductive phase of plants. The results indicated that the SiNPs (especially 10 g/L) efficiently reduced the negative impacts of salinity by improving the physiochemical parameters (growth, pigments, primary metabolites, antioxidant enzymes). Similarly, the improvement in yield parameters (pods per plant, pod length, seeds/10 pods, etc.) and seed nutritional attributes (protein, sugar, free amino acids, free fatty acid, polyphenol contents, etc.) were observed irrespective of the NaCl concentrations. Specifically, applying 10 g/L SiNPs enhanced the total pod numbers by 1.70, and 1.57 folds; and the total number of seeds/10 pods by 1.44, and 1.65 in lentil and soybean plants, respectively, compared to the control set (600 mM NaCl). Moreover, the seed protein content was augmented by 3.29, and 1.30 folds compared to the 600 mM NaCl stressed plants (lentil and soybean, respectively) when treated with 10 g/L SiNPs. Therefore, it can be concluded that SiNPs can be used sustainably to improve yield and nutritional attributes under stressed conditions. 

Fertigation of NaCl-stressed lentil and soybean plants with silica nanoparticles improves seed yield and nutritional attributes

Introduction

Abstract
 Understanding the various mechanisms of salt-stress tolerance is important for crop improvement, especially when approximately 20% of agricultural land and 50% of crop land in the world is under salt stress. Stomatal closure due to salt stress reduces the CO2:O2 ratio inside the leaf tissues and inhibits CO2 fixation. This inhibition leads to over-reduction of the photosynthetic electron transport chain and causes the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide anion (O2.-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxyl radical (OH.). These ROS are responsible for various stress-induced damages to macromolecules and ultimately to cellular structure. Hence, to avoid excessive ROS accumulation during stress and maintain the correct levels of ROS for signalling, plants possess a complex antioxidant defence system including non-enzymatic antioxidants such as ascorbic acid, glutathione, tocopherols and carotenoids; and enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Although ROS production and defence mechanisms are common in glycophytes and halophytes, detoxification strategies may vary in response to salinity with regard to total antioxidant activity and type of iso-enzymes expressed. In this chapter we describe salinity, the classification of saline soils, genetic variability within halophytes, sources and overproduction of ROS under high-salinity conditions, the antioxidant defence system, enzymatic antioxidant system and nonenzymatic antioxidant system.

Antioxidant defence in halophytes under high salinity.

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Antioxidant defence in halophytes under high salinity.