Make more knowledge even in less time every day. You may not always spend your time and money to go abroad and get the experience and knowledge by yourself. Reading is a good alternative to do in getting this desirable knowledge and experience. You may gain many things from experiencing directly, but of course it will spend much money. So here, by reading a textbook of oral pathology, you can take more advantages with limited budget.

A textbook of oral pathology: William G. Shafer, D.D.S., Maynard K. Hine, D.D.S., Barnet M. Levy, D.D.S., and Charles E. Tomich, D.D.S., ed. 4, Philadelphia, 1983, W. B. Saunders Co. 917 pages. $36.50

Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is a group of enzymes that catalyze hydrolysis of phosphate esters at an alkaline pH, resulting in the generation of inorganic phosphate. These enzymes are widely distributed, and their activity is found in various tissues including bone, liver, intestine, and placenta. However, abnormalities in ALP expression and activity have been observed in certain types of cancer. In some cases, elevated serum levels of ALP are observed in patients with liver and bone metastasis. In other cases, increased levels of ALP have been observed in patients with pancreatic and lung cancer. On the other hand, low expression of ALP has also been associated with poor prognosis in patients with certain types of tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC), breast cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In these cases, low ALP activity may be associated with decreased differentiation of cancer cells and increased cancer cell proliferation. Overall, the role of ALP in cancer is complex and context-dependent. This article reviews application progress of ALP in cancer, and we hypothesize that ALP might be a potential tumor biomarker, combined detection of aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and ALP isozymes levels can be used for more accurate diagnosis of a particular tumor. Further research is needed to better understand the mechanisms underlying ALP dysregulation in cancer and to identify potential therapeutic targets.

Do alkaline phosphatases have great potential in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of tumors?

The aim of the current longitudinal study was to assess the levels of serum Bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) and serum Insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in different cervical vertebral maturation index (CVMI) stages and observe their association with the mandibular growth. Blood samples and lateral cephalograms of 63 subjects (age group of 11–17 years) were obtained at two time points, 12 months apart. On the basis of CVMI, all subjects were divided into six groups based on whether the subjects remained in same CVMI stage or transitioned to the next CVMI stage. Annual mandibular length was related with serum BALP and serum IGF-1 levels estimated using ELISA. Serum IGF-1 and BALP attained highest levels at CVMI stage 3 with peak BALP levels observed earlier than IGF-1. Although a positive correlation was determined between IGF-1 and BALP but BALP followed skeletal growth pattern more precisely. Overall IGF-1 and BALP were negatively correlated with mandibular length with notable growth in CVMI groups 3–3 (P < 0.01), 3-4 (P < 0.01), 4-4 (P < 0.001) and 5-5 (P < 0.001). In conclusion, BALP is a potential biomarker for skeletal growth assessment. However, the mandibular growth pattern was independent of changes in IGF-1 and BALP.

/pdf/longitudinal-evaluation-of-the-association-between-insulin-43fllhmom7.pdf

Longitudinal evaluation of the association between Insulin-like growth factor-1, Bone specific alkaline phosphatase and changes in mandibular length.

Cephalometric analysis is an essential tool used in orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning. The main objectives of correct cephalometric analysis include resolving anteroposterior and vertical maxillary and mandibular base discrepancies. For a diagnostic tool to be of value, it should be precise, reliable and reproducible. Unfortunately, according to some studies, the accuracy of input and, therefore, the diagnostic reliability of some of the points and measurements may not be satisfactory. To this end, new cephalometric measurements are being developed with increased precision. In order to properly and definitively determine the usefulness of a given measurement in cephalometric diagnosis, it is necessary to carry out a critical evaluation of available studies. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the available scientific literature describing new landmarks and reference linear and angular measurements of 2D cephalometric analyses assessing the sagittal and vertical discrepancy in the position of jaw bases since the last systematic review in 2013. The secondary aim was to assess the accuracy and reliability of new anthropometric landmarks and reference planes in relation to those used previously, and their instability in relation to growth and orthodontic tooth movements. To carry out the intended plan, electronic databases such as PubMed, Scholar Google, Web of Science and Pro Quest were searched using specific keywords. Initially, a total of 1451 articles were retrieved. Then, duplicate articles in all databases were excluded from the resulting publications. The results showed that despite such a high number of articles published in peer-reviewed scientific journals, only 12 studies on new cephalometric analyses in the sagittal plane and 4 studies on new cephalometric analyses in the horizontal plane met the criteria and, as a result, were included in the review.

/pdf/new-sagittal-and-vertical-cephalometric-analysis-methods-a-26ieaafh.pdf

New Sagittal and Vertical Cephalometric Analysis Methods: A Systematic Review

There is a lack of research evidence on the risk–benefits of the various disinfectants in cleaning products and cleansing regimens. This systematic review compared the antimicrobial activity of various chemical disinfectants to disinfect the thermoplastic polymeric appliances in orthodontics. The study was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions. An electronic search was conducted on Pubmed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Springer. Two authors independently investigated the risk of bias in duplication. A total of 225 articles were collected. After removing duplicates, 221 articles remained, and after filtering their titles and abstracts, 11 articles met eligibility qualifications remained. Finally, nine articles that met the criteria were selected. It showed that both over-the-counter orthodontic appliance cleaners and applied-chemical disinfectants were effective against bacteria. The duration and frequency of usage guidelines cannot be concluded.

/pdf/antimicrobial-activity-of-various-disinfectants-to-clean-3pu9r7ka.pdf

Antimicrobial Activity of Various Disinfectants to Clean Thermoplastic Polymeric Appliances in Orthodontics

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1186%2Fs40510-017-0184-y.pdf

Osteocalcin and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 as biochemical skeletal maturity indicators

Objective A twin block appliance used for correction of skeletal Class II malocclusion suffers from undesirable dental effects and bulkiness. To overcome these limitations and the need for more esthetic appearance of this appliance, an esthetic twin block was designed and used in patients. This study aimed to compare dentoskeletal changes and esthetic and functional efficacy in patients treated with conventional and newly designed esthetic twin block (CTB and ETB) appliances using cephalometric measurements and a questionnaire. Methods A pilot study with a 2-arm parallel-randomized double-blind clinical trial was conducted on 24 patients (20 males, 4 females) in the age group of 11-13 years. Subjects were treated with CTB (group 1 [G1]: n=12; mean age=11.67±0.49 years) and ETB (group 2 [G2]: n=12; mean age=11.75±0.62 years) appliances. A modified Pancherz analysis was performed to evaluate skeletal and dental changes. The esthetic and functional efficacy was evaluated by a questionnaire using Likert scale. Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney U tests were employed for intra and intergroup comparisons respectively (p<0.05). Results In G1, a significant increase in lower incisor inclination was observed (p<0.05) whereas it was insignificant in G2. The changes were predominantly skeletal in G2 whereas they were both skeletal and dental in G1. ETB was found to be esthetically and functionally acceptable in all the patients while CTB patients were esthetically conscious, lacked confidence and had discomfort and difficulty in eating, chewing and speaking. Conclusion ETB had greater skeletal effects with a reduced tendency of lower incisor proclination, was esthetically acceptable, and functionally more comfortable than the CTB.

Comparison of Dentoskeletal Changes, Esthetic, and Functional Efficacy of Conventional and Novel Esthetic Twin Block Appliances among Class II Growing Patients: A Pilot Study.

Aim The orthodontic treatment planning relies on correct diagnosis of skeletal discrepancy, which demands accurate and precise cephalometric parameters This study proposed an angle, which is based on unvarying cephalometric points and gives a true sagittal skeletal maxillomandibular relationship Materials and methods The present study was conducted on 279 individuals (13-30 years), which were divided into three groups (class I, II, and III skeletal malocclusion) depending on beta, wits, and ANB (A point, Nasion, B point) angles Tau angle was measured, which lied at the junction of lines connecting the points T to G and G to M ANOVA and the Dunnett T3 post hoc test were used to discern difference between three skeletal patterns The gender difference in each skeletal pattern was found using the unpaired Student's t-test Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curves determined the Tau angle's sensitivity and specificity to differentiate among skeletal patterns Results The Tau angle between 28° and 34° suggests a skeletal class I malocclusion; values below 28° show a class III skeletal pattern and above 34° suggest skeletal class II pattern Conclusion Tau angle gives a true sagittal skeletal relationship, which depends on stable landmarks and is unaffected by rotation of jaws in vertical dimension due to growth or orthodontic therapy Clinical significance Tau angle provides a demarcation among three skeletal malocclusions, which can be an important tool for treatment planning in pediatric patients having both anteroposterior and vertical dentofacial discrepancies How to cite this article Gupta P, Singh N, Tripathi T, et al Tau Angle: A New Approach for Assessment of True Sagittal Maxillomandibular Relationship Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2020;13(5):497-500

/pdf/tau-angle-a-new-approach-for-assessment-of-true-sagittal-3fam8rhieg.pdf

Tau Angle: A New Approach for Assessment of True Sagittal Maxillomandibular Relationship.

An impacted incisor with dilaceration poses a clinical dilemma because of its difficult position This case report describes the orthodontic management of impacted dilacerated maxillary left central incisor Based on esthetic demand and patient compliance, orthodontic traction involving closed eruption technique was performed to achieve alignment of central incisor in the arch Prudent application of biomechanics and radiographic evaluation at regular interval assisted in achieving good esthetic and patient satisfaction

Orthodontic management of dilacerated impacted maxillary central incisor using closed eruption technique

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