We are just beginning to understand the metabolism of heavy metals and to use their metabolic functions in biotechnology, although heavy metals comprise the major part of the elements in the periodic table. Because they can form complex compounds, some heavy metal ions are essential trace elements, but, essential or not, most heavy metals are toxic at higher concentrations. This review describes the workings of known metal-resistance systems in microorganisms. After an account of the basic principles of homoeostasis for all heavy-metal ions, the transport of the 17 most important (heavy metal) elements is compared.

Microbial heavy-metal resistance

Preface.- Contributors.- List of Abbreviations.- Section 1: Basic Principles: Introduction.-Sources of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils.- Chemistry of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils.- Methods for the Determination of Heavy Metals and Metalloids in Soils.- Effects of Heavy Metals and Metalloids on Soil Organisms.- Soil-Plant Relationships of Heavy Metals and Metalloids.- Heavy Metals and Metalloids as Micronutrients for Plants and Animals.-Critical Loads of Heavy Metals for Soils.- Section 2: Key Heavy Metals And Metalloids: Arsenic.- Cadmium.- Chromium and Nickel.- Cobalt and Manganese.- Copper.-Lead.- Mercury.- Selenium.- Zinc.- Section 3: Other Heavy Metals And Metalloids Of Potential Environmental Significance: Antimony.- Barium.- Gold.- Molybdenum.- Silver.- Thallium.- Tin.- Tungsten.- Uranium.- Vanadium.- Glossary of Specialized Terms.- Index.

Heavy metals in soils : trace metals and metalloids in soils and their bioavailability

The present invention relates to a crystal structure of a plasma membrane proton pump type ATPase. The invention further describes method for identification of modulators of ATPases as well as uses of such modulators. Based on the provided three dimensional structure of the ATPase, various method, such as computer implemented methods may be used for identification of modulators, such putative modulators may be further analysed using in vitro and in vivo experiments to confirm there functionality. Several modulator interaction regions are described as target of regulation by ATPase modulators.

Crystal structure of a plasma membrane proton pump

Sugars are excellent carbon sources for all yeasts. Since a vast amount of information is available on the components of the pathways of sugar utilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae it has been tacitly assumed that other yeasts use sugars in the same way. However, although the pathways of sugar utilization follow the same theme in all yeasts, important biochemical and genetic variations on it exist. Basically, in most non-conventional yeasts, in contrast to S. cerevisiae, respiration in the presence of oxygen is prominent for the use of sugars. This review provides comparative information on the different steps of the fundamental pathways of sugar utilization in non-conventional yeasts: glycolysis, fermentation, tricarboxylic acid cycle, pentose phosphate pathway and respiration. We consider also gluconeogenesis and, briefly, catabolite repression. We have centered our attention in the genera Kluyveromyces, Candida, Pichia, Yarrowia and Schizosaccharomyces, although occasional reference to other genera is made. The review shows that basic knowledge is missing on many components of these pathways and also that studies on regulation of critical steps are scarce. Information on these points would be important to generate genetically engineered yeast strains for certain industrial uses.

Carbohydrate and energy-yielding metabolism in non-conventional yeasts

Mesoporous Li3V2(PO4)3–carbon (LVP-C) microspheres are synthesized using Baker's yeast cells as both mesoporous structure templates and amorphous carbon sources. We find that the vanadium cations are combined with the negatively charged hydrophilic groups and are self-assembled both on the yeast cell wall surface and inside the cell by electrostatic interaction and metabolism regulation, respectively. The self-assembly leads to the formation of LVP-C microspheres with diameters of 1–8 μm. These microspheres are composed of densely aggregated nanoparticles (20–40 nm) as well as interconnected nanopores (2–15 nm), and hence they are of mesoporous nature. The nanoparticles can be easily brought into contact with electrolyte, and the open mesoporous structure allows lithium ions to easily penetrate into the microspheres. The carbon network (16.4 wt.%) on the surface of the Li3V2(PO4)3 nanoparticles facilitates electron diffusion. The mesoporous LVP-C microspheres have a high discharge capacity (about 126.7 mAh g−1), only 2% capacity loss of the initial value at the 50th cycle at a current density of 0.2 C, and a high rate capacity of 100.5 mAh g−1 at 5 C in the region of 3.0–4.3 V. The apparent Li+ diffusion coefficient is found to be 6.76 × 10−10 cm2 s−1. The microspheres could be an ideal cathode-active material that fulfills the requirements of rechargeable lithium batteries for high power applications.

Enhancing the electrochemical performance of lithium ion batteries using mesoporous Li3V2(PO4)3/C microspheres

Phosphate uptake studies in different strains of the dimorphic pathogenic yeast Candida albicans were undertaken to show that this yeast actively transported phosphate with an apparent Km in the range of 90–170 μM. The uptake was pH dependent and derepressible under phosphate starvation. Vanadate-resistant (van) mutants of C. albicans showed a 20–70% reduction in the rate of phosphate uptake in high phosphate medium and was associated with an increased Km and reduced Vmax. The magnitude of depression under phosphate starvation was different between van mutants. These results demonstrate that van mutants may have developed resistance by modifying the rate of entry of vanadate.

Vanadate-resistant mutants of Candida albicans show alterations in phosphate uptake.

The plasma membrane ATPase of Candida albicans was solubilized by Tween 40 and purified to homogeneity on glycerol step gradient. The purified protein appeared as a single band of 100 +/- 4 KDa, represented greater than 98% of the total pure protein on densitometer scan. The purified PM-ATPase which was very specific to MgATP, had Km of about 0.77 mM and a sharp pH optimum at 6.6. Orthovanadate was able to inhibit the enzyme in a non-competitive manner, however, at higher concentrations the nature of inhibition changed to uncompetitive type. Based on molecular size, immuno cross-reactivity and sensitivity to different inhibitors, PM-ATPase of C. albicans appears to be similar to other ion pumps.

Isolation, purification and kinetic characterization of plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase of Candida albicans.

A transient rise in the PM-ATPase activity was observed at the time of commitment of Candida albicans cells to either bud or hyphal formation. However, the changes in PM-ATPase activity did not correlate with the level of enzyme protein detected by ELISA. It was found to be fairly constant during differentiation, implying that there was no de novo synthesis of the protein. Post-translational modification(s) of enzyme protein is suggested to account for variation in PM-ATPase activity during morphogenesis.

Levels of plasma membrane H+‐ATPase do not change during growth and morphogenesis of Candida albicans

Phosphoinositide-3-kinase inhibition elevates ferritin level resulting depletion of labile iron pool and blocking of glioma cell proliferation

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Vanadate-resistant mutants of Candida albicans show alterations in phosphate uptake.

Isolation, purification and kinetic characterization of plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase of Candida albicans.

Levels of plasma membrane H+‐ATPase do not change during growth and morphogenesis of Candida albicans

Phosphoinositide-3-kinase inhibition elevates ferritin level resulting depletion of labile iron pool and blocking of glioma cell proliferation