The EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database (Comprehensive Database) has been built from existing national information on food consumption at a detailed level. Competent organisations in the European Union's Member States provided EFSA with data from those most recent national dietary survey in their country, at the level of consumption by the individual consumer. This included food consumption data concerning infants (2 surveys from 2 Member States), toddlers (8 surveys from 8 Member States), children (16 surveys from 14 Member States), adolescents (14 surveys from 12 Member States), adults (21 surveys from 20 Member States), elderly (9 surveys from 9 Member States) and very elderly (8 surveys from 8 Member States) for a total of 32 different dietary surveys carried out in 22 different Member States. Surveys on children were mainly obtained through the Article 36 project. Individual food consumption data and exposure assessment studies for children (acronym EXPOCHI). The aim of the present document is to give an overview of the Comprehensive Database and to provide guidance on its use for dietary exposure assessments. Summary statistics of this database are available on the EFSA website.

Guidance of EFSA: Use of the EFSA Comprehensive European Food Consumption Database in exposure assessment

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is commonly applied to enhance the white colour and brightness of food products. TiO2 is also used as white pigment in other products such as toothpaste. A small fraction of the pigment is known to be present as nanoparticles (NPs). Recent studies with TiO2 NPs indicate that these particles can have toxic effects. In this paper, we aimed to estimate the oral intake of TiO2 and its NPs from food, food supplements and toothpaste in the Dutch population aged 2 to over 70 years by combining data on food consumption and supplement intake with concentrations of Ti and TiO2 NPs in food products and supplements. For children aged 2–6 years, additional intake via ingestion of toothpaste was estimated. The mean long-term intake to TiO2 ranges from 0.06 mg/kg bw/day in elderly (70+), 0.17 mg/kg bw/day for 7–69-year-old people, to 0.67 mg/kg bw/day in children (2–6 year old). The estimated mean intake of TiO2 NPs ranges from 0.19 μg/kg bw/day in elderly, 0.55 μg/kg bw/day for 7–69-year...

https://tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/17435390.2016.1222457

Oral intake of added titanium dioxide and its nanofraction from food products, food supplements and toothpaste by the Dutch population

The number of dietary exposure assessment studies focussing on children is very limited. Children are however a vulnerable group due to their higher food consumption level per kg body weight. Therefore, the EXPOCHI project aims [1] to create a relational network of individual food consumption databases in children, covering different geographical areas within Europe, and [2] to use these data to assess the usual intake of lead, chromium, selenium and food colours. EXPOCHI includes 14 food consumption databases focussed on children (1-14 y old). The data are considered representative at national/regional level: 14 regions covering 13 countries. Since the aim of the study is to perform long-term exposure assessments, only data derived from 24 hr dietary recalls and dietary records recorded on at least two non-consecutive days per individual were included in the dietary exposure assessments. To link consumption data and concentration data of lead, chromium and selenium in a standardised way, categorisation of the food consumption data was based on the food categorisation system described within the SCOOP Task report 3.2.11. For food colours, the food categorisation system specified in the Council Directive 94/36/EC was used. The EXPOCHI project includes a pan-European long-term exposure assessment of lead, chromium, selenium and food colours among children living in 13 different EU countries. However, the different study methods and designs used to collect the data in the different countries necessitate an in-depth description of these different methods and a discussion about the resulting limitations.

/pdf/dietary-exposure-assessments-for-children-in-europe-the-1exl3n7g83.pdf

Dietary exposure assessments for children in Europe (the EXPOCHI project): rationale, methods and design

Review of health safety aspects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles in food application

Single particle analysis of TiO2 in candy products using triple quadrupole ICP-MS

In this document, we report on the long-term dietary exposure to 40 different food colours in young children living in 11 European countries. Food consumption data of children aged 1 up to 10 years (in Cyprus 11 up to 14 years) were combined with food colour concentrations as supplied by EFSA using statistical models to calculate exposure. Food consumption data were all categorised according to a harmonised system to allow for linkage with food colour concentration data in a standardised way. Two different exposure scenarios were calculated for each food colour: the maximum permitted usage levels in the relevant Community legislation (here called the „MPL scenario‟) and the actual maximum reported usage patterns (here called the „maximum usage level scenario‟). For some food colours extra scenarios were considered depending on the percentage of coating (5 or 20%), e.g. food colours permitted in the coating of chocolate products. For lycopene, five different scenarios were considered. Although the results showed differences in exposure between countries, such differences should be interpreted with caution, as different methodological limitations rather than true exposure differences might be partly responsible for such findings. It is clear from this exercise that food consumption data in different countries can be categorised in a standard way to allow for harmonised exposure modelling. Methodological issues related to exposure 1 EFSA-Q-2010-00787. Accepted for Publication on 5 May 2010. 2 Current affiliation is „National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands‟ Long-term dietary exposure to food colours in European children

https://efsa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.2903/sp.efsa.2010.EN-53

Long-term dietary exposure to different food colours in young children living in different European countries

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Long-term dietary exposure to different food colours in young children living in different European countries