http://utw10193.utweb.utexas.edu/Archive/RuoffsPDFs/160.pdf

Synthesis of graphene-based nanosheets via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide

Fully exploiting the properties of graphene will require a method for the mass production of this remarkable material. Two main routes are possible: large-scale growth or large-scale exfoliation. Here, we demonstrate graphene dispersions with concentrations up to approximately 0.01 mg ml(-1), produced by dispersion and exfoliation of graphite in organic solvents such as N-methyl-pyrrolidone. This is possible because the energy required to exfoliate graphene is balanced by the solvent-graphene interaction for solvents whose surface energies match that of graphene. We confirm the presence of individual graphene sheets by Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. Our method results in a monolayer yield of approximately 1 wt%, which could potentially be improved to 7-12 wt% with further processing. The absence of defects or oxides is confirmed by X-ray photoelectron, infrared and Raman spectroscopies. We are able to produce semi-transparent conducting films and conducting composites. Solution processing of graphene opens up a range of potential large-area applications, from device and sensor fabrication to liquid-phase chemistry.

/pdf/high-yield-production-of-graphene-by-liquid-phase-z66xsivrg7.pdf

High-yield production of graphene by liquid-phase exfoliation of graphite

Recent advances in graphene based polymer composites

Isolated graphene, a nanometer-thick two-dimensional analog of fullerenes and carbon nanotubes, has recently sparked great excitement in the scientific community given its excellent mechanical and electronic properties. Particularly attractive is the availability of bulk quantities of graphene as both colloidal dispersions and powders, which enables the facile fabrication of many carbon-based materials. The fact that such large amounts of graphene are most easily produced via the reduction of graphene oxide--oxygenated graphene sheets covered with epoxy, hydroxyl, and carboxyl groups--offers tremendous opportunities for access to functionalized graphene-based materials. Both graphene oxide and graphene can be processed into a wide variety of novel materials with distinctly different morphological features, where the carbonaceous nanosheets can serve as either the sole component, as in papers and thin films, or as fillers in polymer and/or inorganic nanocomposites. This Review summarizes techniques for preparing such advanced materials via stable graphene oxide, highly reduced graphene oxide, and graphene dispersions in aqueous and organic media. The excellent mechanical and electronic properties of the resulting materials are highlighted with a forward outlook on their applications.

Graphene oxide, highly reduced graphene oxide, and graphene: versatile building blocks for carbon-based materials.

Graphene can be viewed as an individual atomic plane extracted from graphite, as unrolled single-walled carbon nanotube or as an extended flat fullerene molecule. In this paper, a facile approach to the synthesis of high quality graphene nanosheets in large scale through electrochemical reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide precursor at cathodic potentials (completely reduced potential: −1.5 V) is reported. This method is green and fast, and will not result in contamination of the reduced material. The electrochemically reduced graphene nanosheets have been carefully characterized by spectroscopic and electrochemical techniques in comparison to the chemically reduced graphene-based product. Particularly, FTIR spectra indicate that a variety of the oxygen-containing functional groups have been thoroughly removed from the graphite oxide plane via electrochemical reduction. The chemically converted materials are not expected to exhibit graphene’s electronic properties because of residual defects. Indeed, th...

A Green Approach to the Synthesis of Graphene Nanosheets

Preparation and characterization of graphite nanosheets from ultrasonic powdering technique

In this study, the nylon 6/foliated graphite (FG) electrically conducting nanocomposites with a low percolation threshold of less than 0.75 vol % have been prepared via an in situ polymerization approach in the presence of FG nanosheet filler. Based on laser counting, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction characterization techniques, the structures and morphologies of the nanoscale filling particles and the resulting nanocomposites were examined. Using percolation theory, the conductivity behavior of the nanocomposite samples were modeled and analyzed. Through the use of mean-field and excluded volume approaches, it was demonstrated that the experimentally observed percolation threshold values could be approximately estimated, and a correlation between the percolation threshold and the aspect ratio of FG particles could be quasi-quantitatively established. Also, preliminary studies on the effects of FG nanosheets on the thermal properties of the host nylon 6 were performed. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2844–2856, 2004

Fabrication and characterization of nylon 6/foliated graphite electrically conducting nanocomposite

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Preparation and characterization of graphite nanosheets from ultrasonic powdering technique

Fabrication and characterization of nylon 6/foliated graphite electrically conducting nanocomposite