Photocatalysis has the best potential to replace the conventional wastewater treatment technology due to its utilization of visible light to photo-degrade organic and inorganic contaminants. However, when applied in slurry form, agglomeration of nanoparticle will lead to serious decrease in photocatalytic performance due to hinderance effect. By combining the photocatalyst and adsorbents, which is designated as integrated photocatalyst adsorbent (IPCA), an adsorbent material which also degrades toxic organic compounds in the presence of UV/visible light irradiation could be produced. The compound does not only preserve all the interesting characteristics of both individual components, but also overcomes serious drawbacks, such as low absorptivity, rapid recombination of photogenerated electrons and hinderance effect of photocatalyst when applied in slurry form. There are several criteria that must be obeyed by the absorbent material used such as high absorption capacity to target compound, reasonable transparency to UV–vis light, high surface area, inhibition of photocatalyst leaching and good stability with dispersing solvent. In this review article, the authors presented an overview on the application of photocatalyst, adsorbents and integrated photocatalyst adsorbents for wastewater treatment. Moreover, the discussions were also focused on the major adsorbent which has been integrated with photocatalyst such as carbon, clays, zeolite matrix materials and others. Additionally, the mechanisms of the adsorption of emerging organic contaminants with adsorbents in IPCA were also discussed to clearly understand the possible interactions between organic contaminants and IPCA. Outlook on IPCA study were also discussed to further broaden the prospective of this technology.

A review of integrated photocatalyst adsorbents for wastewater treatment

Titanium dioxide supported on activated carbon, or TiO2/AC composite, exhibits bifunctionality of adsorption and photocatalysis in synergism. The authors review the TiO2/AC synthesis techniques, characteristics, and performances in removing organic pollutants in water. Practical issues pertinent to applications of the TiO2/AC composite in water treatment and reclamation are discussed. These include dispersing the particles and recovering from the product water, UV introduction and attenuation in the photoreactor, long-term photostability and mechanical stability of the composite, potential TiO2 deactivation by the organic and inorganic matrices, assessment of intermediates and byproducts, and regeneration techniques for the exhausted or fouled TiO2/AC. Coupling with a membrane separation process to recover and regenerate TiO2/AC in various continuous flow-through system configurations is proposed. There are also possible integrations of TiO2/AC treatment systems with other treatment processes that may res...

TiO2/AC Composites for Synergistic Adsorption-Photocatalysis Processes: Present Challenges and Further Developments for Water Treatment and Reclamation

Perovskite LaFeO3 photocatalyst prepared by using sol-gel glucose method was assembled on graphene oxide sheets to produce integrated photocatalyst-adsorbents (IPCA) and investigated as photocatalyst for the degradation of methylene blue under visible light irradiation. The prepared photocatalyst was characterized by FTIR, XRD, FESEM, BET specific surface area measurement, TEM/HRTEM and UV-Vis spectroscopy analysis. The FTIR, FESEM and TEM analysis has suggested that the photocatalyst LaFeO3 has been successfully embedded at the surface of the graphene oxide (GO) sheets due to a strong interaction between the photocatalyst and the adsorbents matrix. Methylene blue degradation shows that IPCA possesses higher photodegradation kinetics compared to bare LaFeO3 photocatalyst. The resultant photocatalyst also possesses magnetic properties which can overcome the difficulty in recollecting and removal of photocatalyst suspension in water after photocatalytic treatment.

Enhancement in photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue by LaFeO3-GO integrated photocatalyst-adsorbents under visible light irradiation

TiO2-supported activated carbon felts (TiO2- ACFTs) were prepared by dip coating of felts composed of activated carbon fibers (ACFs) with either polyester fibers (PS-A20) and/or a polyethylene pulp (PE-W15) in a TiO2 aqueous suspension followed by calcination at 250 °C for 1 h. The as-prepared TiO2-ACFTs with 29-35 wt.% TiO2 were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and N2 adsorption. The TiO2- ACFT(PS-A20) samples with 0 and 29 wt.% TiO2 were microporous with specific surface areas (SBET) of 996 and 738 m 2 /g, respectively, whereas the TiO2-ACFT(PE-W15) samples with 0 and 35 wt.% TiO2 were mesoporous with SBET of 826 and 586 m 2 /g, respectively. Adsorption and photocatalytic activity of the as-prepared samples were eval- uated by measuring adsorption in the dark and photodegradation of gaseous acetaldehyde (AcH) and methy- lene blue (MB) in aqueous solution under UV light. The TiO2 loading caused a considerable decrease in the SBET and MB adsorption capacity along with an increase in MB photodegradation and AcH mineralization. Lemna minor was chosen as a representative aquatic plant for ecotoxicity tests measuring detoxification of water obtained from the MB photodegradation reaction with the TiO2-ACFT samples un- der UV light.

Photodegradation of gaseous acetaldehyde and methylene blue in aqueous solution with titanium dioxide-loaded activated carbon fiber polymer materials and aquatic plant ecotoxicity tests

Nitrogen dopedTiO2-xfilms have been prepared by usingN-ion implantation method. X-ray diffraction patterns of theN-dopedTiO2-xfilms could be indexed with rutileTiO2andTi7O13in structure. XPS measurements revealed a 2.73 atm.% concentration ofNatoms in theN-doped films and twoN1 s photoelectron binding energies at 396.3 and 399.9 eV originating fromN-dopedTiO2andN-dopedTi7O13, respectively. The photocatalytic properties of theN-doped films under visible light have been investigated by degradation of methylene blue solution.

STRUCTURE AND PHOTOCATALYTIC PROPERTIES OFN-DOPEDTiO2-xFILMS PREPARED BYN-ION IMPLANTATION

Activated carbon fibers supported TiO2 photocatalyst (TiO2/ACF) in felt-form was successfully prepared with a dip-coating process using organic silicon modified acrylate copolymer as a binder followed by calcination at 500°C in a stream of Ar gas. The photocatalyst was characterized by SEM, XRD, XPS, FTIR, and BET surface area. Most of carbon fibers were coated with uniformly distributed TiO2 clusters of nearly 100 nm. The loaded TiO2 layer was particulate for the organic binder in the compact film was carbonized. According to XPS and FTIR analysis, amorphous silica in carbon grains was synthesized after carbonizing organic silicon groups, and the Ti–O–Si bond was formed between the interface of loaded TiO2 and silica. Additionally, the space between adjacent carbon fibers still remained unfilled after TiO2 coating, into which both UV light and polluted solutions could penetrate to form a three-dimensional environment for photocatalytic reactions. While loaded TiO2 amount increased to 456 mg TiO2/1 g ACF, the TiO2/ACF catalyst showed its highest photocatalytic activity, and this activity only dropped about 10% after 12 successive runs, exhibiting its high fixing stability of coated TiO2.

SURFACE PROPERTIES AND CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE OF ACTIVATED CARBON FIBERS SUPPORTED TiO2 PHOTOCATALYST

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SURFACE PROPERTIES AND CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE OF ACTIVATED CARBON FIBERS SUPPORTED TiO2 PHOTOCATALYST