As a mussel-inspired material, polydopamine (PDA), possesses many properties, such as a simple preparation process, good biocompatibility, strong adhesive property, easy functionalization, outstanding photothermal conversion efficiency, and strong quenching effect. PDA has attracted increasingly considerable attention because it provides a simple and versatile approach to functionalize material surfaces for obtaining a variety of multifunctional nanomaterials. In this review, recent significant research developments of PDA including its synthesis and polymerization mechanism, physicochemical properties, different nano/microstructures, and diverse applications are summarized and discussed. For the sections of its applications in surface modification and biomedicine, we mainly highlight the achievements in the past few years (2016-2019). The remaining challenges and future perspectives of PDA-based nanoplatforms are discussed rationally at the end. This timely and overall review should be desirable for a wide range of scientists and facilitate further development of surface coating methods and the production of PDA-based materials.

Versatile Polydopamine Platforms: Synthesis and Promising Applications for Surface Modification and Advanced Nanomedicine

The drastic development of polymeric materials for a wide range of biomedical and biomaterial applications has been explored in the last few decades. Among these materials, a new class of ‘smart’ or ‘intelligent’ biomaterial has been developed, and these materials are highly responsive to slight changes in their environments. Due to their dynamically alterable properties, smart materials allow for smart biomaterials to be developed. This review presents smart thermo-responsive polymers and discusses how they may be used as smart biomaterials. We describe typical thermo-responsive polymers that are either lower critical solution temperature-type, upper critical solution temperature-type, or thermo-induced shape-memory polymers. The basic mechanisms of the thermo-response processes will also be described. The applications of smart biomaterials with various forms, such as smart fibres, surfaces and hydrogels, will also be introduced.

Thermo-responsive polymers and their application as smart biomaterials

This critical review focuses on recent advances in the bio-inspired synthesis of metal nanomaterials (MNMs) using microorganisms, viruses, plants, proteins and DNA molecules as well as their applications in various fields. Prospects in the design of bio-inspired MNMs for novel applications are also discussed.

/pdf/bio-inspired-synthesis-of-metal-nanomaterials-and-2r46apppfe.pdf

Bio-inspired synthesis of metal nanomaterials and applications

Application of xanthan gum as polysaccharide in tissue engineering: A review.

I wish for you, with your newfound, immense skill in protein structure analysis, to consider α/β proteins. We shall consider TIM barrels, Rossmann folds, TOPRIM domains, ATPases, and kinases. Many more examples are available than we shall cover.

α/β Proteins

An effective, green, and facile approach to synthesize gold nanoparticle-loaded protein–polysaccharide nanogels was developed in this study. Biocompatible gold nanoparticle-loaded lysozyme–dextran (Au@Lys–Dex) nanogels were produced using lysozyme–dextran nanogels as reducing and stabilizing agents. Lysozyme–dextran nanogels have a size of about 200 nm and a structure of lysozyme core and dextran shell. At pH around 4, AuCl4− ions are attracted and locally enriched by lysozyme due to the electrostatic and coordination interactions. When the solution is under UV irradiation, the AuCl4− ions are reduced to gold nanoparticles in situ by solvated electrons and reactive radicals produced from aromatic amino acid residues in the lysozyme. The produced gold nanoparticles with a size of about 8 nm are trapped inside the nanogels and the Au@Lys–Dex nanogels are well dispersible by virtue of the dextran shell. Antitumor drug, doxorubicin, can be loaded effectively inside Au@Lys–Dex nanogels via diffusion. In vitro study demonstrates the doxorubicin loaded Au@Lys–Dex nanogels have the same antitumor activity as free doxorubicin. The nanogels can be used as a contrasting agent in optical cell imaging, in which direct visual images of the subcellular distributions of the gold nanoparticles and the released doxorubicin are presented synchronously. The dual functional drug loaded Au@Lys–Dex nanogels are a promising system for simultaneous drug delivery and biomedical imaging.

In situ preparation of gold nanoparticle-loaded lysozyme–dextran nanogels and applications for cell imaging and drug delivery

BSA-dextran emulsion for protection and oral delivery of curcumin

Stable emulsion produced from casein and soy polysaccharide compacted complex for protection and oral delivery of curcumin

Curcumin, casein and soy soluble polysaccharide ternary complex nanoparticles were produced in the water phase using alkaline dissolution, acidification and high-pressure homogenization. FTIR spectra showed that hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions led to the formation of the nanoparticles. The nanoparticles had strong curcumin solubilizing power. The curcumin concentrations in the nanoparticle dispersions were 2.5–20 mg/mL, the curcumin loading efficiencies were ~97%, and the highest curcumin loading content was 48.6%. The nanoparticles had z-average hydrodynamic diameters of ~3.6 × 102 nm, and good physical stability and curcumin chemical stability after 30 days of storage at 25 °C. Due to the polysaccharide surfaces, the nanoparticles were dispersible in acidic and neutral solutions as well as re-dispersible in water after lyophilization. About 52.3% of the curcumin was released after 2 h digestion in simulated gastric fluid followed by 2 h digestion in simulated intestinal fluid. After oral administration in mice, the nanoparticle treatment group increased the curcumin oral bioavailability by 3.4-fold compared with the curcumin/Tween 20 group. This study showed that the ternary complex nanoparticles were an effective system for curcumin loading, protection and oral delivery.

Curcumin, casein and soy polysaccharide ternary complex nanoparticles for enhanced dispersibility, stability and oral bioavailability of curcumin

Versatile injectable supramolecular hydrogels containing drug loaded micelles for delivery of various drugs

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