Wide-scale adoption and projected growth of electric vehicles (EVs) necessitate research and development of power electronic converters to achieve high power, low-cost, and reliable charging solutions for the EV battery. This paper presents a comprehensive review of EV off-board chargers that consist of ac-dc and dc-dc power stages from the power network to the EV battery. Although EV chargers are categorized into two types, namely, on-board and off-board chargers, it is essential to utilize off-board chargers for dc fast and ultra-fast charging so that volume and weight of EV can be reduced significantly. Here, we discuss the state-of-the-art topologies and control methods of both ac-dc and dc-dc power stages for off-board chargers, focusing on technical details, ongoing progress, and challenges. In addition, most of the recent multiport EV chargers integrating PV, energy storage, EV, and grid are presented. Moreover, comparative analysis has been carried out for the topologies and the control schemes of ac-dc rectifiers, dc-dc converters, and multiport converters in terms of architecture, power and voltage levels, efficiency, bidirectionality, control variables, advantages, and disadvantages which can be used as a guideline for future research directions in EV charging solutions. 

/pdf/a-comprehensive-review-of-power-converter-topologies-and-8o9fuuyc.pdf

A Comprehensive Review of Power Converter Topologies and Control Methods for Electric Vehicle Fast Charging Applications

Wide-scale adoption and projected growth of electric vehicles (EVs) necessitate research and development of power electronic converters to achieve high power, low-cost, and reliable charging solutions for the EV battery. This paper presents a comprehensive review of EV off-board chargers that consist of ac-dc and dc-dc power stages from the power network to the EV battery. Although EV chargers are categorized into two types, namely, on-board and off-board chargers, it is essential to utilize off-board chargers for dc fast and ultra-fast charging so that volume and weight of EV can be reduced significantly. Here, we discuss the state-of-the-art topologies and control methods of both ac-dc and dc-dc power stages for off-board chargers, focusing on technical details, ongoing progress, and challenges. In addition, most of the recent multiport EV chargers integrating PV, energy storage, EV, and grid are presented. Moreover, comparative analysis has been carried out for the topologies and the control schemes of ac-dc rectifiers, dc-dc converters, and multiport converters in terms of architecture, power and voltage levels, efficiency, bidirectionality, control variables, advantages, and disadvantages which can be used as a guideline for future research directions in EV charging solutions.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/ielx7/6287639/6514899/09755960.pdf

To balance the instantaneous power difference between the pulsed output power and the constant input power of the pulse load power supply (PLPS), an active capacitor converter (ACC), which can compensate the pulsed current, is connected in parallel with the output of the dc-dc converter in the PLPS. In this paper, based on the Fourier decomposition results of the load current, it is evident that square waves have significant harmonic content. Hence, to provide the lower impedance at the frequencies of the high content harmonics in the load current, a virtual impedance that consisted of the multiple quasi-notch-filters (MQNF) is proposed to be in parallel at the port of the ACC for the suppression of output voltage drop and input current ripple. The virtual parallel impedance is implemented by the output voltage feedforward control (FFC) of the ACC. The design considerations of the virtual parallel impedance are presented to ensure the stability of the PLPS. Finally, a synchronous rectifier buck (SR-buck) converter with a bidirectional buck/boost converter is tested at the pulse repetition frequency (PRF) of 100-300 Hz and the pulse duty cycle of 0.15 to verify the validity of the proposed control scheme. 

Output Voltage Drop and Input Current Ripple Suppression for the Pulse Load Power Supply Using Virtual Multiple Quasi-Notch-Filters Impedance

Traditional Class-E circuit features fewer components, high reliability, and soft switching. However, due to the unidirectional excitation, the application of such a topology circuit is limited, i.e., usually used in low-power applications. To relieve this issue, this article proposes a switched-capacitor-based Class-E circuit, to extend the operating power range of the Class-E circuit. With the proposed new circuit, both constant current (CC) and constant voltage (CV) output modes can be achieved by switching the branch once without changing the switching frequency or compensation network. Compared with the existing CC and CV charging strategies, the proposed circuit has the advantages of fewer components, simpler implementation, and higher reliability. Moreover, the studied compensation network can also be extended to other inverter topologies. The working principle of the proposed circuit is described in detail, and the variable zero-voltage switching (ZVS) margin is introduced to make an accurate design of parameters. Subsequently, the influence of high-order harmonic components on the circuit and the sensitivity of parameters are analyzed. Finally, the proposed circuit is simulated and experimented on a 180–450-W prototype with CC and CV characteristics to verify the feasibility of the circuit and the accuracy of theoretical analysis.

A Hybrid Class-E Topology With Constant Current and Constant Voltage Output for Light EVs Wireless Charging Application

Inductive power transfer (IPT) is an attractive wireless power charging option in many applications such as electric vehicle biomedical devices and consumer electronics, etc. Constant current and constant voltage (CC-CV) charging profile is widely used for charging applications due to affecting the life and the reliability of the Li-ion battery. However, the IPT systems that can achieve both CC and CV modes with soft switching are not well studied. This paper presents an inductive power transfer system for wireless charging without a back-end converter, which achieves the required two-stage charging profile with high efficiency by keeping inverters’ soft switching operation. The characteristics of an LCC-S compensation topology have been investigated thoroughly. Two fixed resonant frequencies, whose analytical expressions have been derived, can be found to realize constant current output and constant voltage output respectively under zero-phase angle condition. Besides, an effective tuning method has been presented for zero voltage switching realization to reduce the switching loss. Moreover, a parameter design procedure has been summarized for the wireless charger with a simplified structure and high efficiency. Finally, the method is validated through experiments on a 3.5kW prototype realizing constant current and constant voltage outputs with a peak efficiency of 97.3%.

/pdf/a-novel-design-method-of-lcc-s-compensated-inductive-power-psc7l7vesz.pdf

A Novel Design Method of LCC-S Compensated Inductive Power Transfer System Combining Constant Current and Constant Voltage Mode via Frequency Switching

Inductive power transfer (IPT) technologies have gained a wide acceptance in onboard battery charging applications due to some significant advantages over traditional plug-in systems. An IPT battery charger is expected to provide a configurable charging profile consisting of an initial constant current (CC) and a subsequent constant voltage (CV) efficiently. With a wide load range during the charging process, two sets of IPT topologies with the inherent load-independent CC and CV at the same zero-phase angle (ZPA) frequency are commonly combined into a hybrid topology to avoid sophisticated control schemes, while maintaining nearly unity power factor and soft switching of power switches simultaneously. However, the load-independent CC and CV are usually constrained by parameters of a loosely coupled transformer (LCT), making the LCT hard to design. To solve it, this paper systematically presents a method to derive such effective hybrid IPT converters, which starts from some existing topologies having the configurable CC or CV output and cascades a general T network for mode transition. Design principles with fewer mode switches and compensation components are proposed and some available hybrid topologies regardless of the constraint of LCT parameters are given in this paper. Control logic and sensitivities of compensation parameters to the input impedance and the load-independent output are also discussed. Finally, a 1 kW hybrid IPT battery charger prototype based on LCC-LCC and LCC-S topologies is built to verify the theoretical analysis.

Hybrid Inductive-Power-Transfer Battery Chargers for Electric Vehicle Onboard Charging With Configurable Charging Profile

The nutritional components of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) vary because of the complex process of microbial fermentation. The objective of this study was to investigate the nutritional value of FSBM from two sources and explore the mode of actions of FSBM on the improvement of nutrient digestibility with the measurements of digestive enzymes and serum biomarkers. Eight weaned barrows (initial BW: 14.12 ± 0.24 kg) equipped with T-cannula in the distal ileum were allotted to a duplicated 4 × 4 Latin-square design with four experimental diets and four periods. Four experimental diets included a soybean meal control diet, two FSBM diets, and a nitrogen-free diet. The two sources of FSBM increased the contents of CP, amino acid and lactic acid, while decreased the levels of anti-nutritional factors, including glycinin, β-conglycinin and trypsin inhibitors. Compared to soybean meal control diet, both FSBM diets significantly increased the apparent and standardised ileal digestibility of CP and amino acids (P < 0.05), increased the activities of lipase, maltase and invertase in digesta (P < 0.05), increased total antioxidant capacity, activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase, the levels of interleukin-4, IgA, IgG and IgM in serum (P < 0.05), while decreased the levels of diamine oxidase, malondialdehyde, interleukin-6, and interleukin-2 in serum (P < 0.05). Additionally, the standardised ileal digestibility of amino acids were highly correlated with the aforementioned digestive enzymes and health-related serum biomarkers. In summary, FSBM diets showed an improved nutritional value evidenced by the higher nutrient digestibility, which may be partially derived from its beneficial effects on intestinal integrity, anti-oxidative capacity and immune function. 

Fermented soybean meal increases nutrient digestibility via the improvement of intestinal function, anti-oxidative capacity and immune function of weaned pigs.

In small power supply systems such as aircraft and ships, some loads present the characteristics of current pulse. After the pulse load is directly connected to the power supply bus, the instantaneous power of its load presents the pulse characteristic as the load current. In order to balance the difference of instantaneous power, this paper proposes a bi-directional converter to compensate for the current fluctuation caused by the pulse load characteristic, which makes the power supply bus in the state of constant voltage and constant current, and solves the problem of adaptability of pulse load and power supply. In the meanwhile, a current feedback control method with valley voltage loop is proposed to control the bi-directional converter, which is also applicable when there is any change in frequency or duty cycle of the pulse load, even the constant power load. Finally, an experimental prototype is built to verify the correctness of the theoretical analysis.

Current Controlled with Valley Voltage Detection Three-port Converter with Current-Pulsed Load

Finite control set model predictive current control (FCS-MPCC) scheme is easy to realize and has fast dynamic response, so it’s widely employed in machine drive applications. However, the low-order harmonics in stator currents, heavy computation burden and the utilization improvement of dc-link voltage are the key issues of FCS-MPCC schemes for multiphase machine drives. Thus, this paper proposes a FCS-MPCC scheme with the optimized duty ratio (MPCC-ODR) for five-phase machine drives. Simulations and experimental results have verified that the proposed MPCC-ODR scheme can suppress low-order harmonics, improve the utilization of dc-link voltage and reduce computation complexity.

A Finite Control Set Model Predictive Current Control Scheme for Five-phase PMSMs Based on Optimized Duty Ratio

The invention discloses a voltage-type COT-controlled device for suppressing PFC doubled-power-frequency ripple. The device comprises a flyback converter and a Buck converter. An AC input voltage is input into the input winding of the flyback converter through an EMI and a rectifier bridge. The output winding of the flyback converter includes a main power winding and an auxiliary winding. The DC output capacitor C2 of the auxiliary winding is connected in parallel with the input end of the Buck converter. The DC output capacitor C1 of the main power winding and the output capacitor Cb of the Buck converter are connected in series and then are connected in with a load R. The output voltage of the voltage-type COT-controlled Buck converter compensates for doubled-power-frequency ripple voltage in the voltage of the DC output capacitor C1 of the main power winding. The voltage-type COT-controlled device reduces the DC output voltage ripple of the load, and reduces the output capacitance of a converter rectifying and filtering circuit, thereby improving the dynamic performance and efficiency of the system.

Voltage-type COT-controlled device for suppressing PFC doubled-power-frequency ripple

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