Preparation and adsorption properties of green cellulose-based composite aerogel with selective adsorption of methylene blue

"The potential utilization of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as reinforcing materials has lately attracted significant research attention. This is mainly due to their versatility and suitability for various applications in fields such as food packaging, cosmetics, biomaterials and pharmaceuticals. Several methods have been reported in the literature for isolating CNCs from plant sources, including acid hydrolysis, mechanical treatment and enzymatic hydrolysis, resulting in CNCs with different dimensions, crystallinities and thermal stabilities. However, acid hydrolysis using sulphuric acid (H2SO4) remains the favourite, as it requires shorter time and produces a stable suspension, with high crystallinity, compared to other methods. Sulphuric acid hydrolysis is generally performed with 64% acid concentration, with varying acid to fibre ratios, at temperatures around 45-50 °C, for 30-75 min duration under vigorous stirring. It typically produces needle-like structures, with the diameter and length in the range of 4–25 nm and 100–300 nm, respectively. This review analyses the results reported in the literature regarding the influence of hydrolysis parameters on the extraction of CNCs from various cellulosic materials. The study examines various hydrolysis parameters, specifically extraction time, temperature and acid concentration, to isolate CNCs with controlled morphology, crystallinity and thermal stability."

/pdf/effects-of-acid-hydrolysis-on-the-extraction-of-cellulose-3hsununt.pdf

EFFECTS OF ACID HYDROLYSIS ON THE EXTRACTION OF CELLULOSE NANOCRYSTALS (CNCs): A REVIEW

"Studies on cellulose/nanocellulose obtained from oil meals are very limited, but present interest and have scientific significance, since the structure, properties and performance may be different from those of other cellulose or nanocellulose types. Thus, the main objective of this work was to extract nanocellulose from an unconventional source – oil meal. Oil meals contain about 20-25% carbohydrates, but the structure and properties of the cellulose from oil meals has not been reported so far. In this research, we have extracted nanocellulose (particles and fibers) from Pongamia pinnata oil meal by alkali treatment, bleaching, and acid treatment. The cellulose obtained after bleaching and the final nanocellulose achieved after acid treatment were thoroughly characterized to determine their composition, structure and properties. Morphological studies using TEM and AFM proved the presence of nanostructures in the form of nanoparticles and nanorods. The average effective diameter and mean zeta potential, according to dynamic light scattering experiments, were found to be 338 nm and -13.3 mV, respectively. The weight average molecular weight and degree of polymerization obtained from SEC MALLS were 54,300 and 335, respectively. Higher thermal stability and reduced crystallinity of nanocellulose, in comparison with cellulose, were observed. Overall, a comparative report on the characterization of nanocellulose extracted from Pongamia pinnata, with its respective cellulose, has been provided here." 

/pdf/extraction-and-characterization-of-nanocellulose-from-2csmfqz3.pdf

Extraction and characterization of nanocellulose from pongamia pinnata oil meal

"The present study aims to investigate the influence of factors such as the source of cellulose and cellulose extraction and acid hydrolysis conditions on the partial polymorphic transition of Cellulose I to the allomorphic form Cellulose II in cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs). CNCs were obtained from cellulose fibers extracted from four agro-industrial residues in Ethiopia: teff straw (TS), enset fiber (EF), sugarcane bagasse (SB) and coffee hull (CH). The cellulose fibers were extracted under chlorine-free extraction conditions, comprising alkaline pretreatment (with 17.5% (w/v) sodium hydroxide), then hydrolyzed with 64% (w/w) sulfuric acid to synthesize the CNCs. The as-obtained CNCs were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The XRD results revealed the CNCs isolated from cellulose fibers of EF and SB contained Cellulose I and II allomorphs like their cellulose precursors, but no Cellulose II was found in CH-CNCs. Morphological and dimensional studies of the CNCs by TEM showed shorter needle-shaped nanoscale structures. Higher alkaline conditions, with 17.5% sodium hydroxide, might not necessarily contribute to the polymorphic transition in lignocellulosic materials with higher lignin content, as evidenced in CH. Generally, the formation of Cellulose I and II allomorphs in the as-obtained CNCs was dependent on the cellulose source and cellulose extraction conditions, and less influenced by sulfuric acid hydrolysis."

/pdf/is-mercerization-the-only-factor-for-partial-polymorphic-disjy843.pdf

Is mercerization the only factor for (partial) polymorphic transition of cellulose i to cellulose ii in cellulose nanocrystals?

/pdf/a-comparative-study-of-cellulose-nanowhiskers-cnws-and-nd0tpc9cx6.pdf

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CELLULOSE NANOWHISKERS (CNWs) AND CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS (CNFs)

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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CELLULOSE NANOWHISKERS (CNWs) AND CELLULOSE NANOFIBERS (CNFs)