The accurate detection of potential biomarkers in body fluids is a vital step in the early detection of specific diseases, monitoring of effective treatment, and development of modern drugs. In recent years, the superiority of biosensors in biomarkers detection has been highlighted because of their inherent advantages such as cost-effectiveness, much friendlier preparation and determination steps, portability, and fast response time. With the introduction of nanomaterials into biosensing fields, the analytical characteristics of biosensors have improved dramatically. The primary reasons for using nanomaterials in biosensors are signal amplification and sensitivity enhancement. Other biosensor features, such as selectivity, resolution, response time, linearity, repeatability, robustness, biocompatibility, and stability can also be improved by functionalized nanomaterials. Increasing the effective surface area, efficient immobilization of biomolecules, catalysis of the electrochemical and optical events and lowing the activation energy, accelerating the electron transfer, separation of the biomolecule's conjugates and pre-concentration of the analyte, and labeling of the bioreceptors can be considered as the most significant reasons for using of nanomaterials in biosensors. This review provides a comprehensive overview of nanomaterials in the amplification of characteristics of the biosensors and the results and importance of using nanomaterials. New strategies for enhancing the analytical features of the biosensing systems using nanomaterials are also analyzed in detail. Ultimately, current challenges and prospects were discussed as well. 

Nanomaterials-based biosensing strategies for biomarkers diagnosis, a review

Epilepsy is the chronic neurological disorder affecting 70 million people globally. One of the fascinating attributes of brain microvasculature is the (BBB), which controls a chain of distinct features that securely regulate the molecules, ions, and cells movement between the blood and the parenchyma. The barrier's integrity is of paramount importance and essential for maintaining brain homeostasis, as it offers both physical and chemical barriers to counter pathogens and xenobiotics. Dysfunction of various transporters in the (BBB), mainly ATP binding cassette (ABC), is considered to play a vital role in hampering the availability of antiepileptic drugs into the brain. ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporters constitute a most diverse protein superfamily, which plays an essential part in various biological processes, including cell homeostasis, cell signaling, uptake of nutrients, and drug metabolism. Moreover, it plays a crucial role in neuroprotection by out-flowing various internal and external toxic substances from the interior of a cell, thus decreasing their buildup inside the cell. In humans, forty-eight ABC transporters have been acknowledged and categorized into subfamilies A to G based on their phylogenetic analysis. ABC subfamilies B, C, and G, impart a vital role at the BBB in guarding the brain against the entrance of various xenobiotic and their buildup. The illnesses of the central nervous system have received a lot of attention lately Owing to the existence of the BBB, the penetration effectiveness of most CNS medicines into the brain parenchyma is very limited (BBB). In the development of neurological therapies, BBB crossing for medication delivery to the CNS continues to be a major barrier. Nanomaterials with BBB cross ability have indeed been extensively developed for the treatment of CNS diseases due to their advantageous properties. This review will focus on multiple possible factors like inflammation, oxidative stress, uncontrolled recurrent seizures, and genetic polymorphisms that result in the deregulation of ABC transporters in epilepsy and nanotechnology enabled delivery across BBB in epilepsy.

Dysfunction of ABC Transporters at the Surface of BBB: Potential Implications in Intractable Epilepsy and Applications of Nanotechnology Enabled Drug Delivery.

Metastatic melanoma is still a difficult-to-treat cancer type owing to its frequent resistance mechanisms to targeted and immunotherapy. Therefore, we aimed to unravel novel therapeutic strategies for melanoma patients. Preclinical and clinical studies show that melanoma patients may benefit from a treatment with poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors (PARPi). In this study, we focus on PARP1 as a potential biomarker to predict the response of melanoma cells to PARPi therapy. We found that melanoma cells with high basal PARP1 expression exhibit significantly increased cell death after PARPi treatment owing to higher PARP1 trapping compared with melanoma cells with low PARP1 expression. In addition, we could demonstrate that PARP1 expression levels are low in nonmalignant skin cells, and metastatic melanomas show considerably higher PARP1 levels compared with primary melanomas. Most strikingly, we found that high PARP1 levels correlate with worse overall survival of late stage metastasized melanoma patients. In conclusion, we show that PARP1 might act as a biomarker to predict the response to PARPi therapy, and that in particular the late stage metastasized melanoma patients are especially sensitive to PARPi therapy owing to elevated PARP1 expression. Our data suggest that the PARPi cytotoxicity primarily will affect the high PARP1 expressing melanoma cells, rather than the low PARP1 expressing nonmalignant skin cells resulting in only low side effects.

PARP1 expression predicts PARP inhibitor sensitivity and correlates with metastatic potential and overall survival in melanoma.

Population pharmacokinetics of oxcarbazepine active metabolite in Chinese children with epilepsy

Analysis of influencing factors on monohydroxylated derivative of oxcarbazepine plasma concentration in children with epilepsy

Association of ABCB1 polymorphisms with carbamazepine metabolism and resistance in epilepsy: A meta-analysis.

Aim: A comprehensive meta-analysis was carried out to evaluate the association between high PARP1 expression and clinical outcomes in diverse types of cancers. Materials & methods: The electronic databases for all articles about PARP1 expression and cancers were searched. Additionally, bioinformatics analysis was utilized to validate the results of the meta-analysis. Results: Fifty-two studies with a total of 7140 patients were included in the current meta-analysis. High PARP1 expression was found to be significantly associated with poor overall survival and recurrence in various cancers, which were further strengthened and complemented by the results of bioinformatic analysis. Furthermore, increased PAPR1 expression was also related to clinicopathological features. Conclusion: Our findings confirmed that PARP1 might be a promising biomarker for prognosis in human cancers.

PARP1 as a prognostic biomarker for human cancers: a meta-analysis.

Histamine H2 receptor (HRH2) is closely associated with the development of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. However, systematic Hrh2 knockout mice did not exactly reflect the HRH2 function in specific cell or tissue types. To better understand the physiological and pathophysiological functions of endothelial HRH2, this study constructed a targeting vector that contained loxp sites flanking the ATG start codon located in Hrh2 exon 2 upstream and a neomycin (Neo) resistance gene flanked by self-deletion anchor sites within the mouse Hrh2 allele. The targeting vector was then electroporated into C57BL/6J embryonic stem (ES) cells, and positively targeted ES cell clones were micoinjected into C57BL/6J blastocysts, which were implanted into pseudopregnant females to obtain chimeric mice. The F1 generation of Hrh2flox/+ mice was generated via crossing chimeric mice with wild-type mice to excise Neo. We also successfully generated endothelial cell-specific knockout (ECKO) mice by crossing Hrh2flox/+ mice with Cdh5-Cre mice that specifically express Cre in endothelial cells and identified that Hrh2 deletion was only observed in endothelial cells. Hrh2flox/+ and Hrh2ECKO mice were normal, healthy and fertile and did not display any obvious abnormalities. These novel animal models will create new prospects for exploring roles of HRH2 during the development and treatment of related diseases.

Generation and identification of endothelial-specific Hrh2 knockout mice

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Association of ABCB1 polymorphisms with carbamazepine metabolism and resistance in epilepsy: A meta-analysis.

PARP1 as a prognostic biomarker for human cancers: a meta-analysis.

Generation and identification of endothelial-specific Hrh2 knockout mice