Recent progresses of fabrication and characterization of fibers-reinforced composites: A review

Cold plasma, an ionized mixture of gases with bulk temperature near the room temperature, can be safely used for surface modification of textile substrates. Plasma treatment can change surface hydrophilicity of the textile substrates by forming hydrophilic groups or can clean the surfaces by etching out top layers. With an aim to improve water absorbency of the textile substrates, nylon and polyester fabrics were treated continuously in an atmospheric-pressure-glow-discharge-plasma produced in presence of different gases. After plasma treatment, time taken in spreading a water droplet over a pre-defined area was found to decrease significantly. As expected, the chemical changes brought about by plasma, increased the surface energy of both nylon and polyester fabrics. However, the rate of oil absorption (a hydrophobic fluid) was also found to increase to a great extent. Spreading time for mustard oil droplet over a specified area was observed to decrease significantly from 152 s in an untreated fabric to 52 s in He plasma treated fabric for nylon, whereas, it decreased from 28.6 min in untreated fabric to 2.8 min in the treated fabric for PET samples. The effect of plasma treatment on the rate of oil absorbency was further confirmed for cotton fabrics, where the time for oil absorbency decreased from 59.5 s in the untreated sample to 30.4 s in the treated sample. The atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis of the treated fabrics revealed the formation of nano-sized channels on their surfaces. The samples, after plasma treatment, showed only a marginal drop in their mechanical properties.

Improvement in water and oil absorbency of textile substrate by atmospheric pressure cold plasma treatment

Hybrid Polymer Membrane Functionalized PBO Fibers/Cyanate Esters Wave-Transparent Laminated Composites

A new hierarchical reinforcement was fabricated by growing ZnO nanowires (NWs) onto poly( p -phenylene benzobisoxazole) (PBO) fibers using a mild hydrothermal method, which served as a platform for the polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) grafting, using 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) as a bridging agent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to characterize the surface morphologies of PBO fibers and the de-bonding surface morphologies of their composites. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the chemical bonding nature between ZnO NWs and APTMS, as well as between APTMS and POSS. The reinforcement offered a 83.4% enhancement in the interfacial shear strength (IFSS) without degrading the base fiber. Moreover, the possible interfacial property enhancing reasons were explored. The hydrothermal aging resistance of PBO/epoxy composites was also greatly improved.

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POSS-bound ZnO nanowires as interphase for enhancing interfacial strength and hydrothermal aging resistance of PBO fiber/epoxy resin composites

A novel “three-step approach” of methanesulfonic acid/γ-aminopropyl triethoxy silane/GlycidylEthyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (MSA/KH550/POSS) was proposed to functionalize the surface of high modulus poly (p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole) (HMPBO) fibers. Results indicated that GlycidylEthyl POSS was successfully grafted on the surface of HMPBO fibers and the surface roughness of HMPBO fibers was increased obviously. The single fiber pull-out strength of POSS-g-HMPBO/epoxy resin microcomposite was improved to 1.19 MPa, better than that of native HMPBO/epoxy resin microcomposite. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:611–616, 2014. © 2013 Society of Plastics Engineers

Surface functionalization of HMPBO fibers with MSA/KH550/GlycidylEthyl POSS and improved interfacial adhesion

The methods of argon plasma and argon plasma combined with coupling agents were employed to modify the poly(1,4-phenylene-cis-benzobisoxazole) (PBO) fiber surface. The interfacial shearing strength (IFSS) of PBO fibers/epoxy resin was measured by the single fiber pull-out test. The surface chemical structure and surface composition of PBO fibers were determined by FTIR and X-ray photo- electron spectroscopy respectively. The morphology of the fiber surface was investigated by scanning electron micros- copy and the specific surface area of the fibers was calcu- lated by B.E.T. equation. Furthermore, the wettability of PBO fibers was confirmed by the droplet profile analysis method. The results showed that the elemental composition ratio of the fiber surface changed after the modification. The IFSS increased by 42 and 78% when the fibers were treated by argon plasma and argon plasma combined with the coupling agents, respectively. Meanwhile, the specific sur- face areas of the treated fibers were improved. In addition, compared with the modification of argon plasma, the mod- ification of argon plasma combined with the coupling agents inhibited the attenuation phenomena of the IFSS and the wettability. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1428 -1435, 2006

/pdf/surface-modification-of-pbo-fibers-by-argon-plasma-and-argon-2fg2r1rr4w.pdf

Surface modification of PBO fibers by argon plasma and argon plasma combined with coupling agents

A series of fluorine-containing copolyimides were synthesized by three different orders of addition of monomers. The fluorine-containing copolyimides were prepared by the reaction of 4,4'-diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) with 2,2'-bis(3,4-dicarboxyphenyl) hexafluoropropane dianhydride (6FDA), and pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA). The synthesis reactions of the copoly(amic acid)s (PA) were carried out by three different orders of addition of the monomers with different molar ratios of 6FDA to PMDA. The viscosity of the PA solution obtained by DDM-(6FDA+PMDA), that is, 6FDA and PMDA added simultaneously to DDM in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), was higher than the other two addition orders (i.e., DDM-6FDA-PMDA and DDM-PMDA-6FDA). The viscosity decreased as the relative amount of 6FDA to PMDA increased. The copolyimides formed by different addition orders but the same 6FDA-to-PMDA molar ratios contained different properties, such as dielectric constant, moisture absorption, contact angle, and optical transparency. All of these copolyimides were insoluble in common organic solvents, such as NMP and tetrahydrofuran. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the onset temperature of 8% weight loss decreased slightly as [6FDA]: [PMDA] increased.

Effects of addition orders on the properties of fluorine‐containing copolyimides

PA 6 resin was produced in a hydrolytic-polymeric process in which e-caprolactam was polymerized in the presence of water as initiator, isophthalic acid and benzoic acid as chain regulators, by polymerizing caprolactam in the presence of 7.5% by weight of water, 0.2% by weight of isophthalic acid, 0.1% by weight of benzoic acid, each percentage being based on caprolactam. By adding hindered piperidine amine and/or tertiary amine to the polymeric system, the effects of additives on the polymer were studied. The results showed that: the addition of 0.1 ∼ 0.2% additives can improve the melt stability of polyamide 6; the addition of 0.2% additives can protect mechanical properties of polyamide 6 fibers after exposure to high temperature; and the addition of 0.05 ∼ 0.25% additives can increase the amino end group content of polyamide 6 and thereby increase the dyeability of polyamide fibers. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 2489–2493, 2004

Application of hindered piperidine amine and/or tertiary amine in the modification of polyamide 6

Hindered piperidine amine (HPA) and tertiary amine (TA) were introduced into hydrolytic polymerization of caprolactam, and polyamide 6 (PA 6) modified by additives [HPA/TA = 1 : 1 (w/w)] was obtained. The effects of additives on the melt, light, and heat stability of PA 6 were studied. The results showed that with an increase in additive content, the viscosity of PA 6 increased and the elastic response decreased. Thus, the drawing property of PA 6 fibers during melt spinning was improved. With the addition of 0.1%–0.2% additives, the degree of variation in amino end group content and relative viscosity decreased during the process going from resin to fiber, indicating the modified PA 6 had improved melt stability. During light and heat aging, the ratio of retained fracture strength of PA 6 filament increased after modification by 0.1%–0.4% additives. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the surface morphology of the modified fiber remained almost the same, whereas that of the unmodified fiber was seriously destroyed when exposed to xenon light for 8 days or heated to 180°C in air for 1.5 h. The degree of variation of relative viscosity of the PA 6 fiber also decreased after modification by 0.1%–0.2% additives under oxidative degradation. All these results indicate PA 6 had better melt, light, and heat stability when modified by additives. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 538–544, 2007

Modification of melt, light, and heat stability of polyamide 6 by hindered piperidine amine and tertiary amine

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Surface modification of PBO fibers by argon plasma and argon plasma combined with coupling agents

Effects of addition orders on the properties of fluorine‐containing copolyimides

Application of hindered piperidine amine and/or tertiary amine in the modification of polyamide 6

Modification of melt, light, and heat stability of polyamide 6 by hindered piperidine amine and tertiary amine