Plasmon polaritons are hybrid excitations of light and mobile electrons that can confine the energy of long-wavelength radiation at the nanoscale. Plasmon polaritons may enable many enigmatic quantum effects, including lasing
 1
 , topological protection2,3 and dipole-forbidden absorption
 4
 . A necessary condition for realizing such phenomena is a long plasmonic lifetime, which is notoriously difficult to achieve for highly confined modes
 5
 . Plasmon polaritons in graphene—hybrids of Dirac quasiparticles and infrared photons—provide a platform for exploring light–matter interaction at the nanoscale6,7. However, plasmonic dissipation in graphene is substantial
 8
 and its fundamental limits remain undetermined. Here we use nanometre-scale infrared imaging to investigate propagating plasmon polaritons in high-mobility encapsulated graphene at cryogenic temperatures. In this regime, the propagation of plasmon polaritons is primarily restricted by the dielectric losses of the encapsulated layers, with a minor contribution from electron–phonon interactions. At liquid-nitrogen temperatures, the intrinsic plasmonic propagation length can exceed 10 micrometres, or 50 plasmonic wavelengths, thus setting a record for highly confined and tunable polariton modes. Our nanoscale imaging results reveal the physics of plasmonic dissipation and will be instrumental in mitigating such losses in heterostructure engineering applications. The fundamental limits to plasmon damping in graphene are determined using nanoscale infrared imaging at cryogenic temperatures, and plasmon polaritons are observed to propagate over 10 micrometres in high-mobility encapsulated graphene.

/pdf/fundamental-limits-to-graphene-plasmonics-1slrs64c5q.pdf

Fundamental limits to graphene plasmonics

Noble metal nanoparticles have been extensively studied to understand and apply their plasmonic responses, upon coupling with electromagnetic radiation, to research areas such as sensing, photocatalysis, electronics, and biomedicine. The plasmonic properties of metal nanoparticles can change significantly with changes in particle size, shape, composition, and arrangement. Thus, stabilization of the fabricated nanoparticles is crucial for preservation of the desired plasmonic behavior. Because plasmonic nanoparticles find application in diverse fields, a variety of different stabilization strategies have been developed. Often, stabilizers also function to enhance or improve the plasmonic properties of the nanoparticles. This review provides a representative overview of how gold and silver nanoparticles, the most frequently used materials in current plasmonic applications, are stabilized in different application platforms and how the stabilizing agents improve their plasmonic properties at the same time. Specifically, this review focuses on the roles and effects of stabilizing agents such as surfactants, silica, biomolecules, polymers, and metal shells in colloidal nanoparticle suspensions. Stability strategies for other types of plasmonic nanomaterials, lithographic plasmonic nanoparticle arrays, are discussed as well.

Stabilization of Silver and Gold Nanoparticles: Preservation and Improvement of Plasmonic Functionalities.

2D semiconductor tungsten disulfide (WS2) attracts significant interest in both fundamental physics and many promising applications such as light emitters, photodetectors/sensors, valleytronics, and flexible nanoelectronics, due to its fascinating optical, electronic, and mechanical properties. Herein, basic exciton properties of monolayer WS2 are reviewed including neutral excitons, charged excitons, bounded excitons, biexcitons, and the effects of electrostatic gating, chemical doping, strain, magnetic field, circular polarized light, and substrate on these excitonic structures. Besides basic excitonic emission, single-photon emission, exciton–polaritons, and stimulated emission in monolayer WS2 are also discussed. The understanding of these optical phenomena is critical for the development of potential optical applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices. Finally, a summary and future prospective of the challengers and developments regarding 2D semiconductor WS2 is presented.

Optical Properties of 2D Semiconductor WS2

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are spatially confined electromagnetic field modes at a metal-dielectric interface capable of generating intense near-field optical forces on ultrafast time scales. Within the field of photonics, SPPs carry significant potential for guiding and manipulating light on the nanoscale. The intense SPP fields substantially enhance light–matter interactions with quantum emitters (QEs). Thus, hybrid systems comprised of SPP resonators and various types of QEs constitute key components of the modern photonics applications. Recent advances in nanotechnology have enabled fabrication of high quality QE/metal hybrid nanostructures, in which several aspects of light–matter interactions, including those in the quantum regime have been demonstrated and extensively studied. The present Perspective explores the central phenomenon in light–matter interaction in emitter/metal hybrid nanostructures, namely, the strong dipole coupling between QEs and SPPs, particularly between excitons (Xs) an...

Strong Light–Matter Interaction in Quantum Emitter/Metal Hybrid Nanostructures

Plasmon polaritons are hybrid excitations of light and mobile electrons that can confine the energy of long-wavelength radiation at the nanoscale. Plasmon polaritons may enable many enigmatic quantum effects, including lasing1, topological protection2,3 and dipole-forbidden absorption4. A necessary condition for realizing such phenomena is a long plasmonic lifetime, which is notoriously difficult to achieve for highly confined modes5. Plasmon polaritons in graphene—hybrids of Dirac quasiparticles and infrared photons—provide a platform for exploring light–matter interaction at the nanoscale6,7. However, plasmonic dissipation in graphene is substantial8 and its fundamental limits remain undetermined. Here we use nanometre-scale infrared imaging to investigate propagating plasmon polaritons in high-mobility encapsulated graphene at cryogenic temperatures. In this regime, the propagation of plasmon polaritons is primarily restricted by the dielectric losses of the encapsulated layers, with a minor contribution from electron–phonon interactions. At liquid-nitrogen temperatures, the intrinsic plasmonic propagation length can exceed 10 micrometres, or 50 plasmonic wavelengths, thus setting a record for highly confined and tunable polariton modes. Our nanoscale imaging results reveal the physics of plasmonic dissipation and will be instrumental in mitigating such losses in heterostructure engineering applications.The fundamental limits to plasmon damping in graphene are determined using nanoscale infrared imaging at cryogenic temperatures, and plasmon polaritons are observed to propagate over 10 micrometres in high-mobility encapsulated graphene.

Fundamental Limits to graphene plasmonics

Aluminum (Al) provides an excellent material platform for plasmonic applications in the ultraviolet (UV) regime due to its low loss coefficient at UV wavelengths. To fully realize the potential of this material, it is imperative to create nanostructures with minimal defects in order to prevent light scattering and better support plasmonic resonances. In this work, we report the successful development of atomically smooth epitaxial Al films on silicon. These epitaxial Al thin films facilitate the creation of fine plasmonic nanostructures and demonstrate considerable loss reduction in the UV frequency range, in comparison to the polycrystalline Al films based on spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements. Remarkably, our measurements on the epitaxial Al film grown using the two-step method suggest that the intrinsic loss in Al is significantly lower, by up to a factor of 2 in the UV range, with respect to current widely quoted Palik’s values extracted from polycrystalline films. These high-quality epitaxial Al...

Epitaxial Growth of Atomically Smooth Aluminum on Silicon and Its Intrinsic Optical Properties

Monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), due to their structural similarity to graphene, emerge as a promising alternative material of integrated optoelectronic devices. Recently, intense research efforts have been devoted to the combination of atomically thin TMDCs with metallic nanostructures to enhance the light–matter interaction in TMDCs. One crucial parameter for semiconductor–metallic nanostructure hybrids is the spacer thickness between the gain media and the plasmonic resonator, which needs to be optimized to balance radiation enhancement and radiation quenching. In current investigations of TMDCs–plamonic coupling, one often adopts a spacer thickness of ∼5 nm or larger, a typical value for transitional gain media–plasmonic composites. However, it is unclear whether this typical spacer thickness represents the optimal value for TMDCs–plasmonic hybrids. Here we address this critical issue by studying the spacer thickness dependence of the luminescent efficiency in the monolayer tungsten...

/pdf/enhanced-photoluminescence-of-monolayer-ws2-on-ag-films-and-sdb0e1cpos.pdf

Enhanced Photoluminescence of Monolayer WS2 on Ag Films and Nanowire–WS2–Film Composites

We investigate photoluminescence from individual “giant” CdSe/CdS core/thick-shell quantum dots (gQDs) placed near an epitaxial Ag film with an atomically smooth surface The key observation is that the lifetimes of the gQDs are drastically reduced and exhibit a remarkably narrow distribution compared to the gQDs deposited on a thermally deposited Ag film The larger variations in gQDs’ lifetimes on the thermally deposited Ag film arise from excitonic coupling to localized surface plasmons associated with nanoscale surface corrugations of different heights A calculation is performed based on a simple model system of a QD coupled to a metallic nanosphere The calculation shows that the QD lifetime initially shortens and reaches a saturated value with increasing radius of the metal nanoparticle (MNP) Because the epitaxial film can be treated as a sphere with an infinitely large radius, the calculation confirms and explains the different QD dynamics near the two types of Ag films as observed experimentally

Semiconductor Quantum Dot Lifetime Near an Atomically Smooth Ag Film Exhibits a Narrow Distribution

We report longer surface plasmon polariton propagation distance based on crystalline crystal silver at low temperature. Although enhanced plasmonic performance at low temperature has been predicted for a long time, it has not been directly observed on polycrystalline silver films which suffer from significant plasmonic losses due to grain boundaries and rough silver surface. Here we show that longer propagation distance can be achieved with epitaxial silver at low temperature. Importantly, the enhancement at low temperature are consistent across silver films grown with different methods.

/pdf/enhancement-of-plasmonic-performance-in-epitaxial-silver-at-2ss6vnzdle.pdf

Enhancement of Plasmonic Performance in Epitaxial Silver at Low Temperature

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Papers

Epitaxial Growth of Atomically Smooth Aluminum on Silicon and Its Intrinsic Optical Properties

Enhanced Photoluminescence of Monolayer WS2 on Ag Films and Nanowire–WS2–Film Composites

Semiconductor Quantum Dot Lifetime Near an Atomically Smooth Ag Film Exhibits a Narrow Distribution

Enhancement of Plasmonic Performance in Epitaxial Silver at Low Temperature