Wireless networks are passing through a transition phase for the past few years now and this transition is giving a way towards the convergence of all IP-based networks to form the Next Generation Networks (NGNs). With the proliferation of these networks in daily life, users' needs are also increasing and service operators are offering different services to satisfy their customers for a better grade of service and an elevated quality of experience (QoE). However, a single operator cannot fulfill the huge demands of the users especially, if a user is nomadic. In nomadism, a user traverses number of available networks that might contain cellular or wireless data networks, usually known as heterogeneous wireless networks. These networks offer various services from email to live video streaming depending upon their capacity and nature. During this traversing procedure, a user switches among different networks to satisfy his/her needs in terms of quality of service. This process is commonly known as a vertical handover or handoff (VHO) due to the involvement of heterogeneous wireless networks in it. An extensive work has been carried out in this field in order to fulfill user demands for better QoS and QoE. In this paper, we give a detailed state-of-the-art of these existing vertical handover decision mechanisms that aim at providing ubiquitous connectivity to the mobile users. We have categorized these vertical handover measurement and decision schemes on the basis of their employed techniques and parameters. Also, we present a comprehensive summary of their advantages and drawbacks. This paper gives its readers an overview of the active research initiatives in the area of handover decision making process in heterogeneous wireless networks and identifies the challenges behind the seamless services provisioning during mobility.

Enabling Vertical Handover Decisions in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks: A State-of-the-Art and A Classification

A user friendly authentication scheme with anonymity for wireless communications

Mobility Management for All-IP Mobile Networks

Protocol data units (PDUs) associated with a packet stream are transmitted with sequence numbers to support reordering and selective acknowledgement. A selective acknowledgement (SACK) message may be used to indicate at least one sequence number of a lost or corrupted PDU which was not properly received by the receiving device. Responsive to the SACK message, the lost or corrupted PDU is retransmitted via a different path of the network, different from the path used to transmit the original PDU. Lost or corrupted PDUs may not be retransmitted if the estimated retransmission delay is greater than a delay tolerance associated with the quality of service requirements of the application. Instead, a control message (i.e. “cut losses” message) may be transmitted to indicate that PDUs earlier than a particular sequence number will not be transmitted.

Enhanced acknowledgement and retransmission mechanism

As a promising future Internet architecture, Named Data Networking (NDN) naturally enables consumer mobility but leaves source mobility challenging due to the binding between content identifier and locator. Most of source mobility solutions in literature adopt similar idea with the Mobile IP and suffer from several problems, like non-optimal routing, severe scalability, single point of failure etc. To address this issue, we build a distributed scalable mobility management framework based on threefold separation mechanisms to improve the content source mobility management without changing the original NDN's name-based communication paradigm. The proposed scheme supports fast handover and shortest path communication by splitting content locator and identifier as well as isolating content source's dynamics out of the routing plane. Numerical comparisons show that the proposed scheme outperforms the other baseline schemes in terms of handover latency, communication latency.

Scalable mobility management for content sources in Named Data Networking

A network-based mobility management scheme for future Internet

Today's Internet routing and addressing system is facing serious scaling problems. Once IPv6 is widely deployed, and in the absence of a scalable routing strategy, the routing scalability problem today can potentially be exacerbated by IPv6's much larger address space. Identity/locator separation scheme is being discussed as an efficient approach to solve the scalability issues. This paper proposes a candidate of the identity/locator separation schemes, and provides a corresponding mapping service. The key design concepts include separating customer networks from the core network strictly, decoupling node identities from their network locations, and bridging customer networks and the core network by a mapping service. The separating scheme can provide efficient improvements in routing scalability, while the mapping scheme is of great benefits to mobility, and multihoming. At the end of the paper, we give some evaluations.

An efficient approach to map identity onto locator

It has been recognized that today's Internet routing and addressing system is facing serious scalability problems. The ever increasing network customers, multihoming, and traffic engineering, are driving the growth of Default Free Zone routing table size at an alarming rate. To solve this issue, several solutions have been proposed to separate the current single numbering space, i.e., the "IP address", into the routing locators' space and the end-systems identifiers' space. In this paper, we first review the recent locator/identifier separation proposals, and give a general classification of them according to their deployment scenarios. We then focus on evaluating the performance of the scalable routing architecture based on the locator/identifier separation. In particular, we explore the improvements that can be achieved in terms of the isolation of providers from customers, the reduction of the global routing table size, and the decrease on the number of routing updates. Furthermore, we evaluate the impact of provider changes on deploying the locator/identifier separation, and suggest that automatic allocation and configuration methods for locator-to-identifier mappings may need to be developed.

Evaluation of Scalable Routing Architecture Based on Locator/Identifier Separation

The trust issue in distributed e-commerce systems has attracted much research attention in recent years. Existing e-commerce systems have presented trust management models which provide reputation information to buyers. However, more comprehensive models should be proposed to more precisely predict the trust level of sellers on potential transactions, and to defeat several kinds of possible attacks. This paper makes an effort to design PTME, a probability-based trust management model for distributed e-commerce, which is an attack-resistant trust model for evaluating and propagating reputation in distributed e-commerce systems. In this paper we describe the possible attacks on existing systems. Our model is then proposed to overcome these attacks. We provide a probability-based framework and detail approaches for this model. The performance evaluation and security analysis of PTME are provided to show its effectiveness.

Probability-based trust management model for distributed e-commerce

It has been widely accepted that core-edge separation architecture can improve routing scalability of the Internet. On the other hand, autonomous system (AS) level hybrid routing protocol has been proposed, where AS numbers are used for inter-domain routing instead of IP prefixes. It is expected that the combination of core-edge separation architecture and AS level hybrid routing can further improve the routing scalability. However, there is a lack of quantitative analysis on the routing scalability improvement for such system. In this letter, we derive a theoretic routing scalability model for analyzing the core-edge separation Internet with hybrid routing protocol, in which the core networks and edge networks comprise of ASes with different business types. The simulation result demonstrates the accuracy of the theoretic model and it is shown that the routing scalability has been improved significantly with routing table size reducing to 0.8% of the original value.

A Routing Scalability Model for Core-Edge Separation Internet with Hybrid Routing

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