Magnesium-ion batteries (MIBs) are considered strong candidates for next-generation energy-storage systems owing to their high theoretical capacity, divalent nature and the natural abundancy of magnesium (Mg) resources on Earth. However, the development of MIBs has been mainly limited by the incompatibility of Mg anodes with several Mg salts and conventional organic-liquid electrolytes. Therefore, one major challenge faced by MIBs technology lies on developing safe electrolytes, which demonstrate appropriate electrochemical voltage window and compatibility with Mg anode. This review discusses the development of MIBs from the point-of-view of the electrolyte syntheses. A systematic assessment of promising electrolyte design strategies is proposed including liquid and solid-state electrolytes. Liquid-based electrolytes have been largely explored and can be categorized by solvent-type: organic solvent, aqueous solvent, and ionic-liquids. Organic-liquid electrolytes usually present high electrochemical and chemical stability but are rather dangerous, while aqueous electrolytes present high ionic conductivity and eco-friendliness but narrow electrochemical stability window. Some ionic-liquid electrolytes have proved outstanding performance but are fairly expensive. As alternative to liquid electrolytes, solid-state electrolytes are increasingly attractive to increase energy density and safety. However, improving the ionic conductivity of Mg ions in these types of electrolytes is extremely challenging. We believe that this comprehensive review will enable researchers to rapidly grasp the problems faced by electrolytes for MIBs and the electrolyte design strategies proposed to this date.

Research development on electrolytes for magnesium-ion batteries

Vanadium oxides have attracted one’s wide attention due to their diverse valences and spatial structure as cathode for aqueous zinc ion batteries. However, a strong electrostatic interaction exists between Zn ions and host materials, which leads to their sluggish reaction kinetics and inferior structural stability. Herein, we design a kind of vanadium-based electrode materials with abundant phase boundaries and oxygen defects. The assembled Zn//V6O13/VO2 batteries deliver a specific capacity of 498.3 mA h g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 and retain a capacity of 485.8 mA h g−1 after 100 cycles. Moreover, they achieve a retention rate of 96.8% after 5000 cycles at 10 A g−1. The soft pack cells also show excellent mechanical stability at different folding conditions. 

High durable aqueous zinc ion batteries by synergistic effect of V6O13/VO2 electrode materials

Study of the effect of temperature on corrosion behavior of galvanized steel in seawater environment by using potentiodynamic polarization and EIS methods

A comprehensive summary of the stability of electrocatalytic OER will provide insight into electrocatalyst design and device optimization for industrial applications. 

Stability of electrocatalytic OER: from principle to application

1,3,5-Trifluorobenzene endorsed EC-free electrolyte for high-voltage and wide-temperature lithium-ion batteries

Research Progress towards the Corrosion and Protection of Electrodes in Energy-storage Batteries

http://www.electrochemsci.org/papers/vol13/131111164.pdf

Corrosion characteristics of Al alloy/galvanized-steel Couple in NaCl solution

Anodic carbidation of tantalum in molten CaCl2-CaC2

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Research Progress towards the Corrosion and Protection of Electrodes in Energy-storage Batteries

Corrosion characteristics of Al alloy/galvanized-steel Couple in NaCl solution

Anodic carbidation of tantalum in molten CaCl2-CaC2