The effects of the engine design and running parameters on the performance of a Otto–Miller Cycle engine

With the switching from fossil to renewable fuels, a wide range of cogeneration technologies needs to be re-assessed to analyze their efficiency, lifetime, and maintenance performance for new fuels. Depending on the application, efficiency priorities, and power range, different cogeneration technologies have been compared in this study. Fuel cells provide the highest efficiency and lowest emissions, but costs remain high, and their lifetime is lower than gas turbines. They can be used in aviation because of the lowest fuel consumption in cruise and stationary states; however, they are limited to short-range flights because refueling aircraft poses serious hydrogen leakage risks, and insulated storage tanks of hydrogen are excessive in volume and weight. Like fuel cells, micro-gas turbines and Stirling engines are used for lower power, while they have lower electrical efficiency (30% and 15% vs. 50% fuel cell efficiency for 100 kW). For large-scale applications, gas turbines and internal combustion engines are used, with lower cost, and faster ramp-up times as an advantage of ICE, while emissions are lower for GT. Using hydrogen in such systems increases efficiencies due to the higher heating value, while syngas performs less well but offers low-cost solutions, and existing infrastructure can be used. Additional cost occurs due to other hydrogen infrastructure, storage, leakage, and flame flashback risk prevention. In conclusion, cogeneration technologies offer ample scope for low emission, reliable and flexible power in future renewable energy systems and need to be carefully chosen depending on the application, power range, and performance goals. • A comprehensive review of CHP systems driven by renewable fuels is executed. • Cogeneration systems are classified based on their kinds of cycles. • The benefits of using decentralized CHP systems against centralized ones are outlined. • Prime movers are compared based on thermodynamic, economic, and environmental indicators. • The production, storage, and thermophysical properties of renewable fuels are presented. 

Recent development of heat and power generation using renewable fuels: A comprehensive review

Low pressure direct injection strategies effect on a small SI natural gas two-stroke engine’s energy distribution and emissions

Effects of engine design and operating parameters on the performance of a spark ignition (SI) engine with steam injection method (SIM)

Techno-economic analysis of high-efficiency natural-gas generators for residential combined heat and power

A high efficiency 10 kWe microcogenerator based on an Atkinson cycle internal combustion engine

A high efficiency 20kWe microcogeneration unit based on a turbocharged automotive gas engine

The paper deals with a microcogenerator prototype of 10 kW of electric power and about 20 kW of thermal power, suitable for indipendent local grids (such as small farms or small residential sites) fuelled by gas produced from biomass (both gasifiers or biogas plants). Small power systems (i.e. about 10 kW of electric power) are not optimized to be fed by low heat value gaseous fuels produced by gasifier or biomass plants or blends of them. Most of them have been provided with induction generators and conceived to be grid connected, while in most cases these plants must represent a form of indipendent energy production system, so not making easily possible their running in remote locations. The protoype presented in the paper was conceived since the beginning in the simplest way: the internal combustion engine maintains many technical solutions and constructive elements adopted for a previous prototype derived from a Diesel automotive engine, then converted in a spark ignition unit. The same has been modified in order to be multi-fuelled and compliant with different blends of methane, LPG, and other mixtures of combustible gasses deriving from biomass conversion. This last aspect asked for deep modification of the unit itself, if compared to previous prototypes, but gave a clear flexibility in terms of different fuels. The electric generator is a permanent magnet generator fed by a simple inverter which is a good solution for islanded systems.

An innovative 10 kW microcogenerator suitable for off grid application and fed with syngas or biogas

/pdf/the-effectiveness-of-icev-phase-out-at-2035-in-terms-of-co2-239j98sw.pdf

The Effectiveness Of ICEV Phase Out At 2035 In Terms Of CO2 Emission Reduction In The Italian Scenario

The paper discusses the project, design and overall performance of a high efficiency microcogenerator prototype of 20 kW of electric power and about 40 kW of thermal power, suitable for small industrial or residential grid-connected applications, fuelled by natural gas or LPG. This unit has been conceived specifically as a local integrated energy platform having in durability, high global efficiency and cost reduction the most important goals to be achieved. Nowadays there are several plants with medium power microcogeneration systems (i.e. around 20 kWe) available on the market, most of them motored by internal combustion engines, which can show very high electric performances (between 30% and 35% of efficiency) and a P.E.R. (Primary Energy Ratio, i.e. the energy utilization rate of fuel) between 85% and 95%. However these systems result still expensive and bulky, making the investment unsuitable in most cases. In order to solve the above evidenced problems the plant prototype presented in the paper was conceived since the beginning as a low cost system, as it is based on a wide spread Diesel light trucks engine which has been converted into a spark ignition unit by Istituto Motori CNR of Italy in a very inexpensive way. At the same time the generation system was chosen to reduce the global cost, so that a common low cost air cooled induction motor has been selected among many other units. A new design regarding containing case has been adopted, in order to perfectly isolate the internal combustion engine and other hot elements, leaving on the external side just the air cooled generator. Always with the aim of reducing manufacturing cost, the whole plant was put up just adopting reliable and cost effective commercial components. In the paper are reported the most significant results regarding global efficiency and emissions when fed with natural gas, showing that this kind of plants could be considered an immediate solution for a very high efficiency electric and thermal production together with an important reduction of plant cost.

Prototype of a 20 kW cogenerator with reduced global cost

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