Magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NPs) have emerged as potential materials for various biomedical applications due to their unique physicochemical properties, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, cationic capacity, high stability and redox properties. MgO NPs have become an attractive platform to combat microbes and may be a promising alternative to overcome challenges associated with eliminating microbial biofilms and antibiotic resistance. Hence, due to the increasing use of MgO NPs in biomedicine, new synthetic strategies for MgO NPs are necessary. MgO NPs synthesised using green methods are non-toxic, eco-friendly and have high stability for a wide range of biological, medical and catalytic applications. This review presents the recent advances in biosynthesis strategies of MgO NPs by diverse bio-templates, such as plant, bacterial, fungal and algal extracts. Its photocatalytic properties show a suitable inhibitory function against pathogenic agents, such as microbial proliferation, biofilm formation and fungal growth. Furthermore, MgO NPs and relevant nanocomposites are comprehensively discussed regarding the mechanisms of their effect on microbes, biofilms and fungal strains, as well as challenges and future perspectives.

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Green Synthesis of Magnesium Oxide Nanoparticles and Nanocomposites for Photocatalytic Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm and Antifungal Applications

Plant-Mediated Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Their Applications: A Review

Green synthesis offers a superior alternative to traditional methods for producing metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. This approach is not only benign and safe but also cost-effective, scalable, and straightforward, operating under ambient conditions. Notable metals and metal oxide nanoparticles, such as manganese oxides, iron oxides, silver, and gold, have been produced using various bio-reductants derived from plant extracts. These biological agents not only expedite the reduction process but also stabilize the nanoparticles, serving dual roles as reducing and capping agents. This review presents the green synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs) obtained from biogenic wastes and plant extracts. The green-synthesized nanostructured MnO2 nanoparticles are evaluated as a potential photocatalyst for water treatment and as an electrode material in lithium-ion batteries and supercapacitors. The green-derived iron oxide nanoparticles are examined as promising antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic agents. Additionally, this review discusses the green synthesis of precious metal nanoparticles, specifically silver (Ag NPs) and gold (Au NPs), highlighting their potential medical applications in areas like antiviral treatments and cancer therapy.

Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Their Energy Storage, Environmental, and Biomedical Applications

Water is a fundamental gift of nature that has coexisted with mankind since the dawn of creation, and it is vital for daily fundamental uses because everything in this world depends on it one way or another. 71% of the earth’ surface is occupied with water, however, only 2.5% of these abundant resource remain clean to match daily elementary needs within the ecological system due to the advent of industrialization which has come with weighty detrimental consequences on aquatic bodies and thus resulted in water insecurity. Dye runoffs from industries are one of the common felon water pollutants because they are intricate, carcinogenic, neurotoxic, inhibit the growth of photoautotrophic organisms by thwarting sunshine from entering the water and causing an increase in the BOD. Empirically, a variety of physicochemical techniques are used to treat dye runoff, but they are time-consuming, pricey, and inefficient; this necessitates the creation of an ecologically viable substitute to address and eliminate the adverse environmental burden that the dye effluents cause. Interestingly, biosynthesized bimetallic nanoparticles (BBMNPs) constituting two different metallic elements have emerged as a better solution for effective dye treatment, due to their synergistic features, which allow them to outperform monometallic nanoparticles in terms of catalytic efﬁcacy. Firstly, this paper introduces water security and the treatment of dye effluents in water. Then the work progressed to elaborate on various types of dyes, their sources, and the effects of the effluents. In addition, the review covers biosynthesized nanoparticles and the edge they have over traditional nano materials in treating of dye runoffs. Overall, in this review work, various original research reports were juxtaposed, and attempt was made to elucidate the mechanism of degradation and the time taken, and the effectiveness of using green BBMNPs for removing notorious dye water pollutants. The bio-reductants green sources employed for the biosynthesis of bimetallic nanoparticles were also highlighted in this review, and the plausible mechanism of bio-fabrication was explained. This review demonstrates that biosynthesized bimetallic nanoparticles are green materials and are able to out-perform their conventionally synthesized mates. 

Greenly biosynthesized bimetallic nanoparticles for ecofriendly degradation of notorious dye pollutants: A review

Plant-derived extracellular vesicles as oral drug delivery carriers.

The key pathways for synthesizing nanoparticles are physical and chemical, usually expensive and possibly hazardous to the environment. In the recent past, the evaluation of green chemistry or biological techniques for synthesizing metal nanoparticles from plant extracts has drawn the attention of many researchers. The literature on the green production of nanoparticles using various metals (i.e., gold, silver, zinc, titanium and palladium) and plant extracts is discussed in this study. The generalized mechanism of nanoparticle synthesis involves reduction, stabilization, nucleation, aggregation and capping, followed by characterization. During biosynthesis, major difficulties often faced in maintaining the structure, size and yield of particles can be solved by monitoring the development parameters such as temperature, pH and reaction period. To establish a widely accepted approach, researchers must first explore the actual process underlying the plant-assisted synthesis of a metal nanoparticle and its action on others. The green synthesis of NPs is gaining attention owing to its facilitation of the development of alternative, sustainable, safer, less toxic and environment-friendly approaches. Thus, green nanotechnology using plant extract opens up new possibilities for the synthesis of novel nanoparticles with the desirable characteristics required for developing biosensors, biomedicine, cosmetics and nano-biotechnology, and in electrochemical, catalytic, antibacterial, electronics, sensing and other applications.

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Green Nanotechnology: Plant-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis and Application

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Green Nanotechnology: Plant-Mediated Nanoparticle Synthesis and Application