An analysis of the underlying similarities between the Eastern meditation tradition and attention restoration theory (ART) provides a basis for an expanded framework for studying directed attention. The focus of the analysis is the active role the individual can play in the preservation and recovery of the directed attention capacity. Two complementary strategies are presented that can help individuals more effectively manage their attentional resource. One strategy involves avoiding unnecessary costs in terms of expenditure of directed attention. The other involves enhancing the effect of restorative opportunities. Both strategies are hypothesized to be more effective if one gains generic knowledge, self-knowledge, and specific skills. The interplay between a more active form of mental involvement and the more passive approach of meditation appears to have far-reaching ramifications for managing directed attention.

/pdf/meditation-restoration-and-the-management-of-mental-fatigue-3qgdjwfxqn.pdf

Meditation, Restoration, and the Management of Mental Fatigue

https://www.kcl.ac.uk/kcmhr/publications/assetfiles/historical/Jones2007-aparadigmshiftpsychologicaltruma.pdf

A paradigm shift in the conceptualization of psychological trauma in the 20th century.

Seven hundred neurotic soldiers, unselected except for the omission of all cases in which there were signs of physical injury of illness having a bearing on the neurosis, were rated by the psychiatrists in charge on 38 traits; scores on an intelligence test were also available. These 39 variables were intercorrelated, and the resulting matrix of 741 correlations factor analysed. The following results emerged from this study: 

1. Four factors, one with positive saturations only, the other three with both positive and negative saturations, accounted for 40 per cent, of the variance.

2. The first factor extracted accounted for 14 per cent, of the variance, and was identified as a general factor of neuroticism, instability, or lack of integration.

3. The second, bipolar factor accounted for 12 per cent, of the variance, and was identified as a general factor of introversion, desurgency, or inhibition, dividing the patients into an hysterical and an affective group.

4. The third, bipolar factor accounted for 8 per cent, of the variance, and was identified as a general factor of hypochondriasis or neurasthenia, dividing traits stressing preoccupation with the health of the body from traits of a more psychological type.

5. The fourth, bipolor factor accounted for 6 per cent, of the variance, and seemed to be of little general interest. it divided the men examined into a social misfit group on the one hand, and a psychological conflict group on the other.

6. Evidence from work on questionnaires, ratings, experimental studies and animal studies was found to corroborate the existence of the two factors of integration and inhibition; these factors were also shown to fit in will with the conceptual framework of clinical and academic psychology.

Types of Personality: A Factorial Study of Seven Hundred Neurotics

This article provides an overview of selective issues relating to adult posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its treatment with eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR). The article begins by providing a historical overview of PTSD, and debates about the etiology and defi nition of PTSD are discussed. The most predominant theories of PTSD are summarized by highlighting how they have evolved from traditional behavioral accounts based on the assumption that PTSD is an anxiety disorder to theories that now incorporate information-processing models. This article then examines the development of EMDR and the corresponding body of research that clearly demonstrates its effi cacy for the treatment for adult PTSD. The underlying mechanisms of EMDR are discussed, with a focus on the importance of the eye movement component and how the therapeutic processes in EMDR differ from those of traditional exposure therapy. Finally, the adaptive information-processing (AIP) model that underlies EMDR is outlined, and evidence for the model is summarized. The article concludes by suggesting future research based on questions raised about PTSD and its treatment with EMDR when the AIP model is compared to other information-based theories of PTSD.

/pdf/adult-ptsd-and-its-treatment-with-emdr-a-review-of-48mtjrucz4.pdf

Adult PTSD and Its Treatment With EMDR: A Review of Controversies, Evidence, and Theoretical Knowledge

This study evaluated the benefits of add-on hypnotherapy in patients with chronic PTSD. Thirty-two PTSD patients treated by SSRI antidepressants and supportive psychotherapy were randomized to 2 groups: 15 patients in the first group received Zolpidem 10 mg nightly for 14 nights, and 17 patients in the hypnotherapy group were treated by symptom-oriented hypnotherapy, twice-a-week 1.5-hour sessions for 2 weeks. All patients completed the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C, Beck Depression Inventory, Impact of Event Scale, and Visual Subjective Sleep Quality Questionnaire before and after treatment. There was a significant main effect of the hypnotherapy treatment with PTSD symptoms as measured by the Posttraumatic Disorder Scale. This effect was preserved at follow-up 1 month later. Additional benefits for the hypnotherapy group were decreases in intrusion and avoidance reactions and improvement in all sleep variables assessed.

Hypnotherapy in the treatment of chronic combat-related PTSD patients suffering from insomnia: a randomized, zolpidem-controlled clinical trial.

Principles of psychotherapy

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Principles of psychotherapy