• Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) of multi-principal element alloys is reviewed. • HE behavior between traditional alloys and high-entropy alloys is compared. • Further research directions on HE of high-entropy alloys are identified. • Strategy for the improvement of strength and HE-resistance are suggested. Multi-principal element alloys exhibit excellent physical, chemical and mechanical properties, and they are used as novel structural materials for potential applications in nuclear energy, hydrogen energy, and petrochemical fields. However, exposing components made of the alloys to service conditions related to the mentioned applications may induce hydrogen embrittlement (HE) as one of the typical failure mechanisms. In this review, we report and summarize the progress in understanding HE in multi-principal element alloys, with a particular focus on high-entropy alloys (HEAs). The review focuses on four aspects: (1) hydrogen migration behavior (hydrogen dissolution, hydrogen diffusion, and hydrogen traps); (2) factors affecting HE (hydrogen concentration, alloy elements and microstructure); (3) tensile mechanical properties in the presence of hydrogen and micro-damage HE mechanisms; (4) the design concept for preventing hydrogen-induced mechanical degradation. The differences in the HE behavior and failure mechanisms between HEAs and traditional alloys are compared and discussed. Moreover, specific research directions for further investigation of fundamental HE issues and a strategy for a simultaneous improvement in strength and HE resistance are identified. 

Hydrogen embrittlement and failure mechanisms of multi-principal element alloys: A review

Hydrogen is considered a clean and efficient energy carrier crucial for shaping the net-zero future. Large-scale production, transportation, storage, and use of green hydrogen are expected to be undertaken in the coming decades. As the smallest element in the universe, however, hydrogen can adsorb on, diffuse into, and interact with many metallic materials, degrading their mechanical properties. This multifaceted phenomenon is generically categorized as hydrogen embrittlement (HE). HE is one of the most complex material problems that arises as an outcome of the intricate interplay across specific spatial and temporal scales between the mechanical driving force and the material resistance fingerprinted by the microstructures and subsequently weakened by the presence of hydrogen. Based on recent developments in the field as well as our collective understanding, this Review is devoted to treating HE as a whole and providing a constructive and systematic discussion on hydrogen entry, diffusion, trapping, hydrogen–microstructure interaction mechanisms, and consequences of HE in steels, nickel alloys, and aluminum alloys used for energy transport and storage. HE in emerging material systems, such as high entropy alloys and additively manufactured materials, is also discussed. Priority has been particularly given to these less understood aspects. Combining perspectives of materials chemistry, materials science, mechanics, and artificial intelligence, this Review aspires to present a comprehensive and impartial viewpoint on the existing knowledge and conclude with our forecasts of various paths forward meant to fuel the exploration of future research regarding hydrogen-induced material challenges.

Hydrogen Embrittlement as a Conspicuous Material Challenge─Comprehensive Review and Future Directions

Sulfides are well investigated as thermoelectric materials but their performance is typically limited by low electrical conductivity. High electrical performance in Cu3SbS4 is reported by creating high valence vacancies, which efficiently provides multiple carriers. It is revealed from the perspective of a chemical bond by calculations that Al can serve as vacancy stabilizer as its entry into the lattice forms intensified bonds with neighboring atoms and lowers the vacancy formation energy. As a result, the average power factor of Cu3SbS4 with 9 wt% CuAlS2 reaches 16.1 µW cm−1 K−2. Finally, by further addition of AgAlS2, a peak zT of 1.3 and an average zT of 0.77 are obtained due to the reduced thermal conductivity. The attained average power factor and average zT are superior to other low‐toxic thermoelectric sulfides. The findings shed light on the new strategy for creating favorable vacancies to realize high‐efficiency doping in thermoelectric materials.

High Thermoelectric Performance in Earth‐Abundant Cu3SbS4 by Promoting Doping Efficiency via Rational Vacancy Design

Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is a broadly recognized phenomenon in metallic materials. If not well understood and managed, HE may lead to catastrophic environmental failures in vessels containing hydrogen, such as pipelines and storage tanks. HE can affect the mechanical properties of materials such as ductility, toughness, and strength, mainly through the interaction between metal defects and hydrogen. Various phenomena such as hydrogen adsorption, hydrogen diffusion, and hydrogen interactions with intrinsic trapping sites like dislocations, voids, grain boundaries, and oxide/matrix interfaces are involved in this process. It is important to understand HE mechanisms to develop effective hydrogen resistant strategies. Tensile, double cantilever beam, bent beam, and fatigue tests are among the most common techniques employed to study HE. This article reviews hydrogen diffusion behavior, mechanisms, and characterization techniques.

Hydrogen Impact: A Review on Diffusibility, Embrittlement Mechanisms, and Characterization

The development of reliable and longevous infrastructures and structural components is the key for the implementation of a hydrogen economy that is currently enjoying unprecedented political and research momentum due to the globally strong demand for clean energy. This is, however, strongly impeded by the risk and concerns of hydrogen embrittlement (or hydrogen-induced degradation in mechanical properties) that generally exists in almost all metallic materials. Structural components and materials operated in the hydrogen production-transport-storage-usage chain can be subjected to a very wide range of temperature, environmental and loading scenarios, which will essentially trigger different hydrogen embrittlement responses and even different embrittling mechanisms. It is thus important to have a systematic assessment and discussion of hydrogen embrittlement behavior of different materials at different testing conditions, which is the focus of the presented review. Here we cover the typical materials (mainly metallic materials) that have been used or planned to be used in the fields of hydrogen energy. We first briefly summarize the current understanding of fundamental hydrogen embrittlement mechanisms in metallic materials and the research progress in recent years. Then we analyze and discuss the hydrogen -induced damage phenomenon in typical materials used in the field of high-pressure hydrogen transport and storage. In addition to room-temperature hydrogen embrittlement behavior, the hydrogen embrittlement phenomenon of some alloys at elevated and cryogenic temperatures is also reviewed, with the aim to provide some guidelines of material selection and design in developing fields such as hydrogen gas turbines and long-flight-duration hydrogen powered aircraft. Finally, the current challenges in the study of hydrogen embrittlement are identified and discussed to guide future research efforts. 

Current challenges in the utilization of hydrogen energy-a focused review on the issue of hydrogen-induced damage and embrittlement

Understanding the hydrogen effect on pop-in behavior of an equiatomic high-entropy alloy during in-situ nanoindentation

Hydrogen diffusion and trapping in nickel-based alloy 625: An electrochemical permeation study

Achieving high average power factor in tetrahedrite Cu12Sb4S13 via regulating electron-phonon coupling strength

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Understanding the hydrogen effect on pop-in behavior of an equiatomic high-entropy alloy during in-situ nanoindentation

Hydrogen diffusion and trapping in nickel-based alloy 625: An electrochemical permeation study

Understanding the hydrogen effect on pop-in behavior of an equiatomic high-entropy alloy during in-situ nanoindentation

Achieving high average power factor in tetrahedrite Cu12Sb4S13 via regulating electron-phonon coupling strength