In this article we develop the concept of community-based enterprise (CBE) and argue that it provides a potential strategy for sustainable local development in poor populations. We maintain that in this emerging form of entrepreneurship, typically rooted in community culture, natural and social capital are integral and inseparable from economic considerations, transforming the community into an entrepreneur and an enterprise. Drawing on interdisciplinary and multilevel approaches, we propose a theoretical model of the determinants, characteristics, and consequences of CBEs.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/20159204.pdf

Toward a Theory of Community-Based Enterprise

Over the last two decades, the work of French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu has emerged as one of the most innovative, wide-ranging, and influential bodies of theories and research in contemporary social science.1 Cutting deeply across the disciplinary boundaries that delimit sociology, anthropology, education, cultural history, linguistics, and philosophy, as well as across a broad spectrum of areas of specialized sociological inquiry (from the study of peasants, art, unemployment, schools, fertility, and literature to the

Towards a reflexive sociology: A workshop with Pierre Bourdieu

This article locates Norton's foundational work on identity and investment within the social turn of applied linguistics. It discusses its historical impetus and theoretical anchors, and it illustrates how these ideas have been taken up in recent scholarship. In response to the demands of the new world order, spurred by technology and characterized by mobility, it proposes a comprehensive model of investment, which occurs at the intersection of identity, ideology, and capital. The model recognizes that the spaces in which language acquisition and socialization take place have become increasingly deterritorialized and unbounded, and the systemic patterns of control more invisible. This calls for new questions, analyses, and theories of identity. The model addresses the needs of learners who navigate their way through online and offline contexts and perform identities that have become more fluid and complex. As such, it proposes a more comprehensive and critical examination of the relationship between identity, investment, and language learning. Drawing on two case studies of a female language learner in rural Uganda and a male language learner in urban Canada, the model illustrates how structure and agency, operating across time and space, can accord or refuse learners the power to speak.

/pdf/identity-and-a-model-of-investment-in-applied-linguistics-xi5hfqdclu.pdf

Identity and a Model of Investment in Applied Linguistics

This article elaborates and evaluates the neo‐Weberian notion of social closure to investigate positional inequality in the United States It argues that social and legal barriers around occupations raise the rewards of their members by restricting the labor supply, enhancing diffuse demand, channeling demand, or signaling a particular quality of service Hypotheses derived from the closure perspective are evaluated using new data that map five institutionalized closure devices—licensing, educational credentialing, voluntary certification, association representation, and unionization—onto 488 occupations Results from multilevel models demonstrate that closure practices, particularly those that generate tangible restrictions on the labor supply, shape the contemporary structure of occupational earnings Returns to these strategies vary across occupations but are not tightly linked to the complexity of the occupation's knowledge base If suitably elaborated, closure theory thus offers a promising complemen

http://www.kimweeden.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/weeden_2002_AJS.pdf

Why Do Some Occupations Pay More than Others? Social Closure and Earnings Inequality in the United States1

This article explores how white working-class women are figured as the constitutive limit – in proximity – to national public morality. It is argued that four processes: increased ambivalence generated by the reworking of moral boundaries; new forms of neo-liberal governance in which the use of culture is seen as a form of personal responsibility by which new race relations are formed; new ways of investing in one’s self as a way of generating exchange-value via affects and display; and the shift to compulsory individuality are reshaping class relations via the making of the self. By showing and telling themselves in public white working-class women are forced to display their ‘lack’ of moral value according to the symbolic values generated by the above processes. It is a no-win situation for them unless we shift our perspective from exchange-value to use-value.

The Making of Class and Gender through Visualizing Moral Subject Formation

Cet article fait part des considerations de Pierre Bourdieu concernant le pouvoir des medias Pierre Bourdieu dennonce ici les grands conglomerats de la communication et adresse une critique virulente aux tenants des marches et de l'economie de la culture

Some Questions for the True Masters of the World

One of the main obstacles to scientific sociology is the use we make of common oppositions, paired concepts, or what Bachelard calls "epistemological couples:" constructed by social reality, these are unthinkingly used to construct social reality. One of these fundamental antinomies is the opposition between objectivism and subjectivism or, in more current parlance, between structuralism and constructivism, which can be roughly characterized as follows. From the objectivist point of view, social agents can be "treated as things," as in the old Durkheimian precept, that is, classified like objects: access to the objective classification presupposes here a break with naive subjective classifications, which are seen as "prenotions" or "ideologies." From the subjectivist point of view, as represented by phenomenology, ethnomethodology and constructivist sociology, agents construct social reality, which is itself understood as the product of the aggregation of these individual acts of construction. For this sort of sociological marginalism, there is no need to break with primary social experience, for the task of sociology is to give "an

Bordieu: What Makes a Social Class?: On the Theoretical and Practical Existence of Groups

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Some Questions for the True Masters of the World

Bordieu: What Makes a Social Class?: On the Theoretical and Practical Existence of Groups