Stable chlorine isotopes in Phanerozoic evaporites

The importance of recycling processes in the Middle Miocene Badenian evaporite basin (Carpathian foredeep): palaeoenvironmental implications

Traditionally, potash mineral deposits have been characterized using downhole geophysical logging in tandem with geochemical analysis of core samples to establish the critical potassium (% K2O) content. These techniques have been employed in a recent exploration study of the Permian evaporite succession of North Yorkshire, United Kingdom, but the characterization of these complex deposits has been led by mineralogical analysis, using quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD). The novel QXRD approach provides data on K content with the level of confidence needed for reliable reporting of resources and also identifies and quantifies more precisely the nature of the K-bearing minerals. Errors have also been identified when employing traditional geochemical approaches for this deposit, which would have resulted in underestimated potash grades.

QXRD analysis has consistently identified polyhalite (K2Ca2Mg(SO4)4·2(H2O) in the Fordon (Evaporite) Formation and sylvite (KCl) in the Boulby Potash and Sneaton Potash members as the principal K-bearing host minerals in North Yorkshire. However, other K hosts, including kalistrontite (K2Sr(SO4)2) a first recorded occurrence in the UK, and a range of boron-bearing minerals have also been detected.

Application of the QXRD-led characterization program across the evaporitic basin has helped to produce a descriptive, empirical model for the deposits, including the polyhalite-bearing Shelf and Basin seams and two, newly discovered sylvite-bearing bittern salt horizons, the Pasture Beck and Gough seams. The characterization program has enabled a polyhalite mineral inventory in excess of 2.5 billion metric tons (Bt) to be identified, suggesting that this region possesses the world’s largest known resource of polyhalite.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

/pdf/an-improved-approach-to-characterize-potash-bearing-4zcjtgai4e.pdf

An Improved Approach to Characterize Potash-Bearing Evaporite Deposits, Evidenced in North Yorkshire, United Kingdom

Marine ingressions into the Middle/Late Permian saline lake of the Southern Permian Basin (Rotliegend, Northern Germany) possibly linked to sea-level highstands in the Arctic rift system

The evolution of the Lorraine evaporite basin: implications for the chemical and isotope composition of the Triassic ocean

Polyhalite deposits in the Zechstein (Upper Permian) of northern Poland occur in the Lower Werra Anhydrite. In the Zdrada Sulphate Platform, the polyhalite appears to be a very early replacement of anhydrite. The replacement was caused by the halite-precipitating brines which contained potassium and magnesium ions. The formation of polyhalite was preceded by the syndepositional anhydritization of the original gypsum deposit which has often preserved its primary textures. This anhydritization on the platform and its slopes was a reaction of the precipitated gypsum in a hydrologically open evaporite basin, with brines of salt basins adjacent to the sulphate platform. These brines, when nearly saturated with respect to halite, and potassium and magnesium rich, reacted with anhydrite to precipitate polyhalite along the slopes of the Zdrada Platform. The oxygen and sulphur isotopic compositions of sulphate evaporites indicate that marine solutions were the only source of sulphate ions supplied to the Zechstein basin, and that anhydrite was transformed to polyhalite by reaction with marine brines more concentrated than those that precipitated precursor calcium sulphate minerals.

Origin of polyhalite deposits in the zechstein (upper permian) zdrada platform (northern poland)

32 This paper presents two metazoan zooplankton datasets obtained by imaging samples collected on the Bay of 33 Biscay continental shelf in spring during the PELGAS integrated surveys, over the 2004-2019 period. The samples 34 were collected at night, with a WP2 200 µm mesh size fitted with a Hydrobios (back-run stop) mechanical 35 flowmeter, hauled vertically from the sea floor to the surface with a maximum depth set at 100 m when the 36 bathymetry is deeper. The first dataset originates from samples collected from 2004 to 2016, imaged on land with 37 the ZooScan and is composed of 1,153,507 imaged and measured objects. The second dataset originates from 38 samples collected from 2016 to 2019, imaged on board the R/V Thalassa with the ZooCAM and is composed of 39 702,111 imaged and measured objects. The imaged objects is composed of zooplankton individuals, zooplankton 40 pieces, non-living particles and imaging artefacts, ranging from 300 µm to 3.39 mm Equivalent Spherical 41 Diameter, individually imaged, measured and identified. Each imaged object is geolocated, associated to a station, 42 a survey, a year and other metadata. Each object is described by a set of morphological and grey level based 43 features (8 bits encoding, 0 = black, 255 = white), including size, automatically extracted on each individual image. 44 Each object was taxonomically identified using the web based application Ecotaxa with built-in, random forest 45 and CNN based, semi-automatic sorting tools followed by expert validation or correction. The objects were sorted 46 in 172 taxonomic and morphological groups. Each dataset features a table combining metadata and data, at the 47 individual object granularity, from which one can easily derive quantitative population and communities 48 descriptors such as abundances, mean sizes, biovolumes, biomasses, and size structure. Each object’s individual 49 image is provided along with the data. These two datasets can be used combined together for ecological studies as 50 the two instruments are interoperable, or as training sets for ZooScan and ZooCAM users.

Metazoan zooplankton in the Bay of Biscay: 16 years of 1 individual sizes and abundances from the ZooScan and 2 ZooCAM imaging systems.

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Origin of polyhalite deposits in the zechstein (upper permian) zdrada platform (northern poland)

Metazoan zooplankton in the Bay of Biscay: 16 years of 1 individual sizes and abundances from the ZooScan and 2 ZooCAM imaging systems.