Author(s): Ruelle, P.; Bruggers, R. L. | Abstract: Despite the recent emphasis in Africa by national and regional plant protection organizations to control pest birds, traditional farmers usually are still left to their own initiative, as they have been for centuries, to protect their crops. These farmers employ many ingenious visual and oratory frightening techniques, barriers, agronomic planting or harvesting modifications, and bird population-suppression methods. Under some circumstances these methods can reduce damage. However, their effectiveness is subject to such variables as the season of the year, the type and maturation stage of the crop, the pest species and its abundance, the size and ownership of the field, and the diligence and enthusiasm of the bird scarers. The inability of farmers to consistently and successfully protect their crops from birds encourages feelings of frustration, and often leads to their abandoning farming. Clearly practical, economical, and applicable solutions are needed by traditional farmers if future food production goals are going to be met. Research and extension can provide these solutions.

/pdf/traditional-approaches-for-protecting-cereal-crops-from-36weau1mcr.pdf

Traditional approaches for protecting cereal crops from birds in africa

Grape growing and wine making are rapidly expanding industries on eastern Long Island, New York. In Suffolk County, land under winegrape cultivation has increased > 10 times between 1980 and 1987, from 43-504 ha (U.S. Dep. of Commer. 1987:355). Twenty-five of 35 Long Island growers who responded to a 1986 survey rated bird depredations as their biggest problem (L. D. Fuller-Perrine, unpubl. data, 1986). American robins (Turdus migratorius), house finches (Carpodacus mexicanus), European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris), and common grackles (Quiscalus quiscula) are the major pest species (L. D. Fuller-Perrine, unpubl. data, 1986-1987). Few control measures are available for reducing bird damage in vineyards. Techniques of population reduction such as trapping, shooting, and poisoning either are legally restricted, are not cost-effective, or do not result in reduced damage (Dolbeer 1986). Scare devices such as propane exploders, electronic noisemakers, hawk-kite models, and reflective tape may deter avian pests for short periods, but birds generally habituate to them (Conover 1979, Spanier 1980, Hothem and DeHaven 1982, Summers 1985, Tobin et al. 1988). Mesurol? (reference to commercial products is for identification purposes only and does not indicate endorsement by the authors, Cornell Univ., or the U.S. Dep. of Agric.) is a chemical repellent that has been used effectively to reduce bird feeding on grapes (Bailey and Smith

A method for applying and removing bird-exclusion netting in commercial vineyards

A case study of species assessment in invasion biology: the Village Weaverbird Ploceus cucullatus.— Application of recent insights gained in invasion biology to particular species may aid in addressing a central problem of the field, that of prediction of the dynamics of future introduction and invasion. The Village Weaverbird (Ploceus cucullatus) is concluded to be a potential invader of concern in several regions, especially the Mediterranean, Caribbean, and southeastern United States. This conclusion is supported by the introduction and invasion history of the species, factors concluded in recent reviews and quantitative studies to correlate with introduction success or invasiveness in birds, the species’ agricultural pest status in its current range, and a published rating system. A proactive stance is recommended since control efforts have met with little success, but certain characteristics of the Village Weaver may provide opportunities for management.

http://abc.museucienciesjournals.cat/files/ABC-26-1-pp-45-55.pdf

A case study of species assessment in invasion biology: the Village Weaverbird Ploceus cucullatus

The most common domestic birds live in Turkey are: crows (Corvus corone), pigeons (Columba livia), sparrows (Passer domesticus), starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) and blackbirds (Turdus merula). These birds give damage to the agricultural areas and make dirty the human life areas. In order to send away these birds, some different materials and methods such as chemicals, treatments, colored lights, flash and audible scarers are used. It is possible to see many studies about chemical methods in the literatures. However there is not enough works regarding audible bird scarers are reported in the literature. Therefore, a solar powered bird scarer was designed, manufactured and tested in this experimental investigation. Firstly, to understand the sensitive level of these domestic birds against to the audible scarer, many series preliminary studies were conducted. These studies showed that crows are the most resistant against to the audible bird scarer when compared with pigeons, sparrows, starlings and blackbirds. Therefore the solar powered audible bird scarer was tested on crows. The scarer was tested about one month during AprilMay, 2007. 18 different common known predators’ sounds (voices or calls) of domestic birds from Falcon (Falco eleonorae), Falcon (Buteo lagopus), Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos), Montagu’s harrier (Circus pygargus) and Owl (Glaucidium passerinum) were selected for test of the scarer. It was seen from the results that the reaction of the birds was changed depending on the predators’ sound type, camouflage of the scarer, sound quality and volume, loudspeaker play and pause periods in one application. In addition, it was also seen that the sound from Falcon (Buteo lagopus) was most effective on crows and the scarer was enough efficient. Keywords—Bird damage; Audible scarer; Solar powered scarer; Predator sound.

Design, Manufacture and Test of a Solar Powered Audible Bird Scarer

Mist nets as a means of eliminating bird damage to vineyards

Efficacy of nets and fibres for protecting crops from grain-eating birds in Africa

Senegal's trade in cage birds, 1979-81

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Philippe Ruelle

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Efficacy of nets and fibres for protecting crops from grain-eating birds in Africa

Senegal's trade in cage birds, 1979-81