Climate change and their resulting impacts are becoming a concern for winegrowers due to the high socioeconomic relevance of the winemaking sector worldwide. In fact, the projected climate change is expected to have detrimental impacts on the yield of grapevines, as well as on the quality and properties of grapes and wine. It is well known that arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can improve the nutritional quality of edible parts of crops and play essential roles in the maintenance of host plant fitness under stressed environments, including grapevines. The future scenarios of climate change may also modify the diversity and the growth of AMF in soils as well as the functionality of the mycorrhizal symbiosis. In this review, we summarize recent research progress on the effects of climate change on grapevine metabolism, paying special attention to the secondary compounds involved in the organoleptic properties of grapes and wines and to the levels of the phytohormones implied in the control of berry development and fruit ripening. In this context, the potential role of AMF for maintaining fruit quality in future climate change scenarios is discussed.

/pdf/arbuscular-mycorrhizal-symbiosis-as-a-promising-resource-for-4qicl41wri.pdf

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis as a Promising Resource for Improving Berry Quality in Grapevines Under Changing Environments.

Climate change is affecting grape yield, composition and wine quality. As a result, the geography of wine production is changing. In this Review, we discuss the consequences of changing temperature, precipitation, humidity, radiation and CO2 on global wine production and explore adaptation strategies. Current winegrowing regions are primarily located at mid-latitudes (California, USA; southern France; northern Spain and Italy; Barossa, Australia; Stellenbosch, South Africa; and Mendoza, Argentina, among others), where the climate is warm enough to allow grape ripening, but without excessive heat, and relatively dry to avoid strong disease pressure. About 90% of traditional wine regions in coastal and lowland regions of Spain, Italy, Greece and southern California could be at risk of disappearing by the end of the century because of excessive drought and more frequent heatwaves with climate change. Warmer temperatures might increase suitability for other regions (Washington State, Oregon, Tasmania, northern France) and are driving the emergence of new wine regions, like the southern United Kingdom. The degree of these changes in suitability strongly depends on the level of temperature rise. Existing producers can adapt to a certain level of warming by changing plant material (varieties and rootstocks), training systems and vineyard management. However, these adaptations might not be enough to maintain economically viable wine production in all areas. Future research should aim to assess the economic impact of climate change adaptation strategies applied at large scale. Grapes produced for winemaking are highly susceptible to changes in climate, particularly extreme heat and drought. This Review examines the changing geography of existing and emerging winegrowing regions, and recommends adaptation measures to increasing heat and modified drought, pest and disease pressure. 

Climate change impacts and adaptations of wine production

Abstract A string of fierce fires broke out in Chile in the austral summer 2023, just six years after the record-breaking 2017 fire season. Favored by extreme weather conditions, fire activity has dramatically risen in recent years in this Andean country. A total of 1.7 million ha. burned during the last decade, tripling figures of the prior decade. Six of the seven most destructive fire seasons on record occurred since 2014. Here, we analyze the progression during the last two decades of the weather conditions associated with increased fire risk in Central Chile (30°–39° S). Fire weather conditions (including high temperatures, low humidity, dryness, and strong winds) increase the potential for wildfires, once ignited, to rapidly spread. We show that the concurrence of El Niño and climate-fueled droughts and heatwaves boost the local fire risk and have decisively contributed to the intense fire activity recently seen in Central Chile. Our results also suggest that the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean variability modulates the seasonal fire weather in the country, driving in turn the interannual fire activity. The signature of the warm anomalies in the Niño 1 + 2 region (0°–10° S, 90° W–80° W) is apparent on the burned area records seen in Central Chile in 2017 and 2023. 

Extreme fire weather in Chile driven by climate change and El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO)

Background: Climate change (CC) could have both positive and negative consequences for the Canadian and global wine industries. Understanding how winegrowers perceive CC, however, can provide insight into how to better assist the industry to cope with the impacts of a changing climate. 
Material and methods: An online survey of 122 Canadian winegrowers was conducted to understand knowledge, beliefs, environmental values, and perceptions towards CC and its impact on the Canadian wine industry. Environmental values (New Environmental Paradigm score), subjective and objective CC knowledge, CC skepticism and uncertainty, belief in anthropogenic CC, and perceptions of the impacts of CC were measured using established tools. 
Results: Overall, results show that Canadian winegrowers have a relatively low level of CC skepticism, a medium level of CC scientific knowledge, a pro-ecological (as opposed to anthropological) worldview, and generally believe that CC is caused by a mix of anthropogenic and natural forces. Moreover, a majority of respondents (60%) believe that CC has both positive and negative consequences on their vineyard and winery operations, while 8% think that climate change has no consequence on their operations. An extended growing season for grapes, the improvement of grape and wine quality, and the possibility to grow varieties that are not currently viable were the main beneficial consequences of CC reported by participants, while an increase in both disease and pests in the vineyard were the most commonly identified disadvantages. Finally, no association was observed between CC skepticism, knowledge, environmental values, and the perception of CC consequences. 
Conclusion: Our findings inform communication strategies for the wine industry around CC, and provide important baseline information on winegrowers’ perceptions that inform wider efforts to improve the capacity of the industry to develop and adapt to the consequences of CC.

https://www.dovepress.com/getfile.php?fileID=47424

Doom, gloom, or boom? Perceptions of climate change among Canadian winegrowers

Climate change adaptation in the Canadian wine industry: Strategies and drivers

/pdf/xclim-xarray-based-climate-data-analytics-vinl0lds.pdf

Xclim: Xarray-based Climate Data Analytics

Climate conditions for Quebec’s viticultural potential (VP) during upcoming decades are estimated through high-resolution probabilistic climate scenarios (PCS) based on a large ensemble of simulations from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). VP is investigated through four temperature-related indices identified as current limiting factors for cold, northern latitudes: length of frost-free season (CNFD), growing degree-days (DDB10), annual winter minimum temperature (AWMT), and annual number of very cold days (ANVCD). Results show that by 2040–2050, most of southern Quebec can reasonably expect favorable climatic conditions, with enough consecutive frost-free days and growing degree-days for growing current hybrid-grape varieties, as well as some Vitis vinifera grape varieties. Regions with new VP are identified, for example southern Outaouais and along the St-Lawrence River. Cold winter temperatures remain problematic, but technical solutions to this limiting factor exist.

/pdf/probabilistic-climate-change-scenarios-for-viticultural-511m40ex14.pdf

Probabilistic climate change scenarios for viticultural potential in Québec

Realistic simulation of heavy precipitation in climate simulations is a major challenge for adaptation, as the grid resolution of most climate models is too coarse to explicitly resolve convective processes. When proper future extreme precipitation events are required, such as for adaptation to future flooding, users therefore rely on bias-corrected precipitation data. However, the commonly used quantile–quantile mapping procedure is not well suited to post-process distribution tails. As a response to a need expressed by the province of Québec for the purpose of the government’s INFO-Crue project, which aims in part to provide a better understanding of future floods and incorporate this information in flood mapping, a new, mixed method was proposed for post-processing the entire range of precipitation, including heavy precipitation. The method uses a non-parametric quantile–quantile mapping procedure for the bulk distribution and a parametric procedure based on extreme value theory for the right tail. The method’s performance is illustrated on a watershed in Québec (Canada), using external Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) parameters. Results show that the proposed method is able to keep the important characteristics of simulated distribution tails, such as the initial ranking and scaling between values, keep spatial coherence and provide robust estimates of high return levels. The proposed method represents a flexible framework that relies on the quantile–quantile mapping procedure that is trusted by the end users, while incorporating information from the statistical community where necessary to ensure that heavy precipitation that might drive flooding, such as the 20or 100-year 24h precipitation, is bias-corrected in a more robust manner. The method is available in the open-source package ClimateTools.jl written in Julia and Python’s xclim package. 

Climate scenarios of extreme precipitation using a combination of parametric and non-parametric bias correction methods in the province of Québec

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Xclim: Xarray-based Climate Data Analytics

Probabilistic climate change scenarios for viticultural potential in Québec

Climate scenarios of extreme precipitation using a combination of parametric and non-parametric bias correction methods in the province of Québec