Social Vulnerability to Environmental Hazards

This paper reviews state-of-the-art empirical, hydrodynamic and simple conceptual models for determining flood inundation. It explores their advantages and limitations, highlights the most recent advances and discusses future directions. It addresses how uncertainty is analysed in this field with the various approaches and identifies opportunities for handling it better. The aim is to inform scientists new to the field, and help emergency response agencies, water resources managers, insurance companies and other decision makers keep up-to-date with the latest developments. Guidance is provided for selecting the most suitable method/model for solving practical flood related problems, taking into account the specific outputs required for the modelling purpose, the data available and computational demands. Multi-model, multi-discipline approaches are recommended in order to further advance this research field. This paper reviews state-of-the-art flood inundation models.It explores their advantages and limitations.It highlights the most recent advances and discusses future directions.It addresses how uncertainty is analysed and identifies opportunities for handling it better.

Flood inundation modelling

. This study proposes a framework for analysing and quantifying the uncertainty of river flow data. Such uncertainty is often considered to be negligible with respect to other approximations affecting hydrological studies. Actually, given that river discharge data are usually obtained by means of the so-called rating curve method, a number of different sources of error affect the derived observations. These include: errors in measurements of river stage and discharge utilised to parameterise the rating curve, interpolation and extrapolation error of the rating curve, presence of unsteady flow conditions, and seasonal variations of the state of the vegetation (i.e. roughness). This study aims at analysing these sources of uncertainty using an original methodology. The novelty of the proposed framework lies in the estimation of rating curve uncertainty, which is based on hydraulic simulations. These latter are carried out on a reach of the Po River (Italy) by means of a one-dimensional (1-D) hydraulic model code (HEC-RAS). The results of the study show that errors in river flow data are indeed far from negligible.

/pdf/uncertainty-in-river-discharge-observations-a-quantitative-3uh2tymrdm.pdf

Uncertainty in river discharge observations: a quantitative analysis

Flooding can cause major disruptions in cities, and lead to significant impacts on people, the economy and on the environment. These impacts may be exacerbated by climate and socio-economic changes. Resilience thinking has become an important way for city planners and decision makers to manage flood risks.Despite different definitions of resilience, a consistent theme is that flood resilient cities are impacted less by extreme flood events. Therefore, flood risk professionals and planners need to understand flood impacts to build flood resilient cities. This paper presents a state-of-the-art literature review on flood impact assessment in urban areas, detailing their application, and their limitations. It describes both techniques for dealing with individual categories of impacts, as well as methodologies for integrating them. The paper will also identify future avenues for progress in improving the techniques.

/pdf/urban-flood-impact-assessment-a-state-of-the-art-review-1m8nfwe3ql.pdf

Urban flood impact assessment: A state-of-the-art review

The Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which was completed in 2007 stated that: “Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as is now evident from observations of increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.” It also stated that observational evidence from all continents and most oceans shows that many natural systems are being affected by regional climate changes, particularly in increases in temperature. Significantly, the AR4 found that since the mid-twentieth century most of the observed increase in global average temperatures is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations. When the term “very likely” is used in this context, it denotes a probability level of 90 per cent or higher.

Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters

Management of water uses requests to harmonize demands and needs which are getting more and more complex and sophisticated. During the past three decades, modeling systems for hydrology, hydraulics, and water quality have been used as stand-alone products and were used in order to produce an analysis of a current situation and to generate forecast according to different horizons. The current situation, characterized by the fast increase of monitoring devices mainly in urban environments, requests an integration of the modeling tools into the information systems that are now dedicated to the global management of urban environments and related services. Energy distribution, water distribution, solid wastes collection, and traffic optimization are today major issues for cities that are looking for functional Decisions Supports Systems (DSSs) that may integrate the various components and operate in a sustainable perspective. In addition, the basic requirement of real-time assessment of the situation, the modeling systems identified as main elements of analytics and used for hydrology, hydraulic, and water quality forecasts have to integrate a common framework allowing modular approach and interoperability. This chapter presents the interest for a generic operational approach that could be implemented in order to address the management of water uses in a complex urban environment and to provide real-time assessment and forecasts. The proposed approach is illustrated with the AquaVar project, an application developed on the Var catchment located in the French Riviera and for an area of 3000 km2.

Decision Support System Architecture for Real-Time Water Management

/pdf/flood-resilience-index-methodology-and-application-4fg1t3s0z4.pdf

Flood Resilience Index - Methodology And Application

The objective of smart water management is to achieve water security at all levels (building, city and regional) in a sustainability and selfsufficiency manner, through the use of information technology, monitoring and control technology and the implementation of holistic system of all the processes in water cycle. It also provides the water utilties economic benefits through the reduction of non-revenue water losses through the detection of illegal connections and water theft. According to the characteristics of smart water, we proposed the following overall framework for a smart water city. In the proposed framework, there are seven main components which can be categorized into three main compartments. First is Hardware (Sensors and Sensors Adapters) which deals data acquisition, monitoring, conversion and transmission. The second component is Water Information System (Big Water Data Management and Analysis) which deals with data processing and storage. The third one is Software (Support Services and Applications), which deals with modelling and analytics, realtime monitoring and control system, decision support system and visualization and dissemination of information to stakeholders.

/pdf/framework-implementation-for-smart-water-management-16t2kk3m2b.pdf

Framework Implementation for Smart Water Management

© L p i Why smart water journal? Future water shortages require immediate action on development of resources, reduction of demand and higher efficiency in treatment and transmission. Future flood risk management requires immediate action in risk assessment, defence and alleviation systems, forecasting and warning systems and institutional and governance measures. Technology has been revolutionized over recent years and now, matured with mass production allowing wider uptake of methods and devices. After the development phase, technology is now entering an application and implementation phase that is targeting several fields including environment. At the worldwide scale, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) have been identified as a key factor for sustainable growth both where efficiency has to be achieved and where alternative to classical engineered solutions could be developed and implemented. In such context, ICT refer to technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications. It is similar to Information Technology (IT), but focuses primarily on communication technologies. This includes the Internet, wireless networks, cell phones, and other communication mediums that are today massively used in modern societies and reshaping deeply current business processes. A low level of maturity concerning standardization of ICT solutions and business processes characterizes the current situation in the water domain. The massive and rapid spread of communicating devices and their application to the industrial sectors is not really coordinated. The implementation of solutions is only driven by opportunities and partial visions that are related most of time to local conditions, demands and resources. The gradual rationalisation of ICT solutions for several domains like energy and water will request a formalization effort in order to identify how solutions may help to improve the water cycle management and provide real added value. The water cycle can be addressed through three domains that are associated to specific activities and business processes:

/pdf/why-smart-water-journal-4f1eiwkyxd.pdf

Why smart water journal

Floods in Asia represent the first natural hazard. During the last five years, major events have affected more than 600 millions in Asian countries and constitute one of the main obstacles to the economic and social developments. In order to address part of the flooding challenge, the use of ICT can be promoted according to the type of flooding and local situation of IT environment. In a very classical approach like the SCADA systems, most of the deci-sion making process takes place after a centralization of data and some simulations produced by one or several models. In such case, the reaction time requests at least several tens of minutes which are already longer than the flooding process that may append in less than 10 minutes after the start of the rain. The UbiFLOOD project deals with implementation of ubiquitous computing in flood warning and forecasting systems in different Asian background and the aim of the UbiFLOOD project is to implement ubiquitous solutions in the existing flood warning and forecasting systems. As an outcome, the framework will be developed with the main purpose to alert the population regarding flood alert. Since ubiquitous computing in flood warning systems is not widely applied in Asia, the new proposed solution within the framework should result in better operational organization and management of warning systems.

/pdf/flood-warning-systems-and-ubiquitous-computing-58vk5a68h6.pdf

Flood warning systems and ubiquitous computing

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