The authors performed a narrative review on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome- CoronaVirus-2 ( SARS-CoV-2) and all infectious agents with the primary endpoints to illustrate the most accepted models of safety protocols in dentistry and oral medicine, and to propose an easy view of the problem and a comparison (pre- vs post-COVID19) for the most common dental procedures. The outcome is forecast to help dentists to individuate for a given procedure the differences in terms of safety protocols to avoid infectious contagion (by SARS-CoV-2 and others dangerous agents). An investigation was performed on the online databases Pubmed and Scopus using a combination of free words and Medical Subject Headings (MESH) terms: "dentist" OR "oral health" AND "COVID-19" OR "SARS-CoV-2" OR "coronavirus-19". After a brief excursus on all infectious agents transmittable at the dental chair, the authors described all the personal protective equipment (PPE) actually on the market and their indications, and on the basis of the literature, they compared (before and after COVID-19 onset) the correct safety procedures for each dental practice studied, underlining the danger of underestimating, in general, dental cross-infections. The authors have highlighted the importance of knowing exactly the risk of infections in the dental practice, and to modulate correctly the use of PPE, in order to invest adequate financial resources and to avoid exposing both the dental team and patients to preventable risks.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/11/3793/pdf

Covid-19 Pandemic: What Changes for Dentists and Oral Medicine Experts? A Narrative Review and Novel Approaches to Infection Containment.

An essential guide to this major contemporary issue, Consanguinity in Context is a uniquely comprehensive account of intra-familial marriage. Detailed information on past and present religious, social, and legal practices and prohibitions is presented as a backdrop to the preferences and beliefs of the 1100+ million people in consanguineous unions. Chapters on population genetics, and the role of consanguinity in reproductive behaviour and genetic variation, set the scene for critical analyses of the influence of consanguinity in the early years of life. The discussion on consanguinity and disorders of adulthood is the first review of its kind and is particularly relevant given the ageing of the global population. Incest is treated as a separate issue, with historical and present-day examples examined. The final three chapters deal in detail with practical issues, including genetic testing, education and counselling, national and international legislation and imperatives, and the future of consanguineous marriage worldwide.

Consanguinity in Context: Contents

Context: Inbreeding increases the level of homozygotes for autosomal recessive disorders and is the major objective in clinical studies. The prevalence of consanguinity and the degree of inbreeding vary from one population to another depending on ethnicity, religion, culture and geography. Global epidemiological studies have revealed that consanguineous unions have been significantly associated with increased susceptibility to various forms of inherited diseases.Objective: The study aimed to determine the role of consanguinity in human health and to highlight the associated risks for various diseases or disorders.Methods: PubMed and Google Scholar search engines were used to explore the published literature on consanguinity and its associated risks using the key words “consanguinity”, “prevalence”, “inbreeding depression”, “coefficient of inbreeding”, “child health”, “mortality”, “human health”, “homozygosity” and “complex diseases” in different combinations. The studies were screened for eligibil...

Genetics of consanguinity and inbreeding in health and disease

/pdf/consanguinity-in-context-4227laosp5.pdf

Consanguinity in Context

Genetic basis of congenital cardiovascular malformations.

AimsTo test on a large cohort whether parental consanguinity varies among different types of congenitally malformed hearts.Methods and ResultsBetween 1 May, 1999, and 28 February, 2006, a large cohort of 1585 newly diagnosed cases with non-syndromic congenitally malformed heart was enrolled at the National Register of Paediatric and Congenital Heart Disease, Lebanese Society of Cardiology, Beirut. Another group, made up of 1979 cases referred to the National Register of Paediatric and Congenital Heart Disease, but free of any malformation, and with a rate of consanguinity similar to a recent survey made by UNICEF in Lebanon, was used for the purposes of control. We used the Chi-squared test, and ratio of risk, to compare the groups.Subgroups with first degree cousins, first plus second degree cousins, and any degree of consanguinity, are significantly larger in the cohort with congenitally malformed hearts than in the control cohort, with proportions of 19.4%, 25.7%, and 27.4% versus 14.4%, 20.3%, and 23.9%, respectively. Those with tetralogy of Fallot, valvar aortic stenosis, and atrial septal defect have a significantly higher percentage of consanguineous parents than do the controls. By contrast, this is not the case for those with atrioventricular septal defect and common atrioventricular junction (“atrioventricular canal”), or discordant ventriculo-arterial connections (“transposition”). These differences persist when the types of congenital cardiac defect types are pooled according to presumed embryological processes. Those with hypoplasia of the left heart have increased parental consanguinity, but not the group of various types of discordant ventriculo-arterial connections.ConclusionOnly some types of congenitally malformed hearts have an increased percentage of parental consanguinity, suggesting that those types with no increased risk due to parental consanguinity are determined by genetic factors that are X-linked or exclusively autosomal dominant.

Congenital cardiac disease and inbreeding: specific defects escape higher risk due to parental consanguinity.

Protection of medical and paramedical university students in Lebanon against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella: active measures are needed.

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Congenital cardiac disease and inbreeding: specific defects escape higher risk due to parental consanguinity.

Protection of medical and paramedical university students in Lebanon against measles, mumps, rubella and varicella: active measures are needed.