Wind load calculations are done for a medium-rise building with 48 m height locates in an urban area of Sri Lanka. Five different international wind loading standards were selected to calculate wind loads according to prevailing conditions in Sri Lanka. Available 3 second gust wind speed is converted in to mean hourly wind speed and 10 minutes average wind speed to use selected wind loading standards. The difference of wind load calculations is evaluated by using member forces in columns, beams, and shear walls obtained from a 3–D finite element modelling. The comparison displays that both the Australian standards yields higher wind loads compared to other selected standards. The use of higher terrain-height multiplier for cyclone prone zone 1 contributes much larger member forces compared to other cases. None of the standards exceeds the serviceability criteria, which evaluate by means of drift index. ENGINEER, Vol. 47, No. 01, pp. 25-35, 2014

/pdf/wind-loads-on-a-medium-rise-building-by-using-five-major-p74qa2x6lg.pdf

Wind Loads on a Medium-Rise Building by Using Five Major International Wind Codes and Standards

ing and Indexing Weather is covered by the following abstracting and indexing services: CAB Abstracts® (CABI), Cambridge Scientific Abstracts (CSA/CIG), CSA Environmental Sciences & Pollution Management Database (CSA/CIG), GEOBASE/ Geographical & Geological Abstracts (Elsevier), Science Citation Index Expanded (also known as SciSearch®) (Thomson ISI), Journal Citation Reports/Science Edition (Thomson ISI), Current

A marvellous sign and a fiery globe: a medieval English report of ball lightning

Im Jahre 2000 trat die EU-Richtlinie [1] fur Abfalldeponien in Kraft, mit der eine erhebliche Reduzierung der Mengen an Hausmull verbunden ist, die deponiert werden darf. Da in Grosbritannien ein betrachtlicher Anteil des Hausmulls auf Deponien entsorgt wird, muss das Mullmanagement nun komplett umgestellt werden, um die Anforderungen dieser Richtlinie zu erfullen. Zum einen ist die stetig ansteigende Abfallmenge auf ein Minimum zu begrenzen und der anfallende Hausmull so weit wie moglich zu recyceln und zu kompostieren, zum anderen sind Alternativen zur Mulldeponierung zu suchen. Eine entscheidende Rolle wird dabei sicher die thermische Abfallbehandlung spielen, die in anderen EU-Landern schon einen weitaus groseren Stellenwert einnimmt. Neben der eigentlichen Entsorgung entsteht bei dem kontrollierten Verbrennungsvorgang unter hohen Temperaturen als Nebenprodukt Warme. Diese kann zur Energieerzeugung genutzt werden und macht die Anlagen somit in zweierlei Hinsicht attraktiv.



In der Region East Sussex County haben die Mulldeponien, in denen der uberwiegende Teil des Hausmulls der Region entsorgt wird, ihre Lagerungskapazitat erreicht. Um das Abfallproblem zu losen und die Auflagen der EU zu erfullen, vereinbarten die Grafschaft East Sussex County Council und die Stadte von Brighton & Hove City Council mit dem weltweit fuhrenden Umweltdienstleister Veolia Environment Services die Ubernahme des Abfallmanagements und als Bestandteil des Vertrages den Bau und den Betrieb einer hochmodernen thermischen Abfallverwertungsanlage in Newhaven, East Sussex.



Design of a energy recovery waste facility in Great Britain, ERF Newhaven.



The Landfill Directive, more formally, Council Directive 1999/31/EC of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of waste [1], is a European Union directive issued by the European Union to be implemented by its member states. The Directive's overall aim is “to prevent or reduce as far as possible the negative effects of landfills on the environment. In particular, the objectives are the minimization of the pollution of surface water, groundwater, soil and air, and on the global environment, including the greenhouse effect, as well as any resulting risk to human health, from the landfilling of waste, during the whole life-cycle of the landfill”. This legislation also has important implications for waste disposal. Due to the wide availability of landfills, Great Britain, has in the past, disposed a substantial part of its municipal waste in landfills. The UK government has now imposed waste legislation designed to reduce the release of greenhouse gases produced by landfills. It is the UK government's position that thermal waste treatment will play an increasingly large role in the treatment of municipal waste and supply energy in the UK. This position is consistent with other EU members.



The landfills have all reached their capacity in East Sussex County. In order to manage the waste disposal problem and simultaneously respect the new rigorous legislation, East Sussex County Council, the cities of Brighton & Hove city council and the worldwide environmental services provider Veolia Environment Services have contracted to provide a waste management service and as part of the new waste infrastructure build, commission and operate a state-of-the-art energy recovery facility in Newhaven, East Sussex.

Planung einer thermischen Abfallverwertungsanlage in Großbritannien, ERF Newhaven

Micro-generation is being widely promoted as a way for householders in the UK and elsewhere to take part in ‘the Green Revolution’. Building-integrated wind turbines (BIWTs) provide a way to do this, enabling people to reduce their contribution to the problems of both climate change and decreasing fossil fuel availability. Although energy yields from BIWTs for many householders have been shown to be low, there are still situations where such turbines can make a useful contribution to electricity generation, e.g. in windier areas and for isolated detached buildings. The standards for the installation of BIWTs are still being developed including those for the safe mounting of turbines on domestic buildings. This paper investigates the current trend for mounting small wind turbines on the walls of domestic premises and compares this with an approach which uses roof timbers. It identifies the main characteristics of building construction which affect the integrity of such installations. European and British standards have been used to calculate wind and gravitational loads. Finite element models are used to derive working stresses and, hence, some basic principles of good design. The likely costs of wall and roof mounting are then compared. Installation and health and safety issues are also examined briefly. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Low‐cost mounting arrangements for building‐integrated wind turbines

This paper evaluates the performance of different roofing sheet systems for different roof types using four different codes namely MS 1553, EC1-1-4, IS 875 and BS 6399. The maximum roof pressures using different codes (MS 1553, EC1-1-4, IS 875 and BS 6399) on critical and general area of the different roof types considering buildings with non-dominant opening, dominant opening and canopies have been evaluated. The maximum recommended wind speed in MS 1553 namely 33.5 m/s has been used as the reference for the numerical comparison. The major differences in the codes include averaging time for wind speed, terrain, reference height, and pressure coefficients. The study examines the conservativeness or not of the codes if used in the Malaysian context, even though they have been developed for a different wind climate and region. Further, the results of static test on different steel roofing sheets used in Malaysia using AS 1562.1 available as the limit state wind pressure capacities in the technical brochures are compared with design wind pressures for critical and interior regions of the roof for different wind zones. The suitability of a particular roofing sheet system for a particular wind zone is then assessed.

Evaluation of Roofing Systems in Malaysia Based on MS 1553 BS 6399, EC1-1-4 and IS 875 Wind Codes

Wind Loading: A Practical Guide to BS 6399-2 Wind Loads on Buildings

I saw the "atoll sign" - and now I need a tropical vacation.

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Wind Loading: A Practical Guide to BS 6399-2 Wind Loads on Buildings

I saw the "atoll sign" - and now I need a tropical vacation.