There is a consensus among designers on the need for a rigorous separation of the functionality of a computer system from its user interface. The principle remains sterile unless some way is provided to put it into practice. It is argued that designers of the interface between users and computer systems need a toolkit of abstractions that embody human factors knowledge while automatically executing the low-level details of the interaction. We believe that the notion of a user interface toolkit constitutes a reasonable way to enforce this separation. Given this approach, the next goal is the definition of a toolkit that is useful. The author points at some general benefits resulting from the toolkit abstractions. In particular, the user can avoid "communication deadlocks" by running several applications simultaneously; or he can obtain distinct views of an object through the external view mechanism; or, as a last example, he can interact by means of the dialog socket with the various applications on the workstation in a consistent way through a unique (refinable) dialog-handler (or a dialog-handler of his choice). Therefore, the proposed abstractions improve the quality of user interfaces when viewed in the large. Conversely, when viewed in the small, these abstractions cannot be guaranteed 100% "user-friendly": each class of users and each class of tasks have specific requirements that are to be satisfied on a case-by-case basis.

Abstractions for user interface design

High quality human/computer interfaces have become a major topic of research. This paper describes a new method for modeling, designing, and developing dialogues, a method that has a strong formal basis and allows a uniform syntactic and semantic specification. This formal descriptive technique has the added advantage of being executable, that is, it has widely available translators. The technique chosen here allows a very high level specification of human/computer interaction enabling rapid development and easy modification. This paper describes the nature of the formal specifications written in first order logic using Prolog, and the successful specification and development of a carrier air traffic controller (CATC) dialogue. These experiments demonstrate the utility of Prolog as a high level specification language and point the way to a full dialogue development system that can incorporate a multi-layered concept of human/computer interaction.

Formal specifications for modeling and developing human/computer interfaces

This paper presents a brief introduction to computer graphics. It provides an extensive bibliography of over 500 entries to assist anyone requiring a list of further reading on the subject.

An introduction to computer graphics

Nowhere in software engineering is the need for fast prototyping more widely accepted than in the design of effective user interfaces to interactive systems. This paper reviews the rationale and methods for prototyping of interfaces, and argues the importance of dynamic reconfigurability in achieving fast convergence on a satisfactory solution. A prototype dialogue design system with this property is described, and the results of initial experience in its use are reported.

Dynamic reconfigurability for fast prototyping of user interfaces

This paper describes the design, implementation and initial evaluation of a graphical dialogue specification language and its interpreter. Features of the system include a hierarchical dialogue structure with the capability to export options to lower levels of the hierarchy, the use of a restricted form of production rule approach to option selection in each unit of the dialogue, and suspended time editing (allowing modification of the dialogue specification during execution without loss of context).

Experience with chisl, a configurable hierarchical interface specification language

35 Using Handwriting Action to Construct Models of Engineering Objects Mamoru Hosaka and Fumihiko Kimura With this symbol recognition technique, handwritten engineering drawings can be used as direct computer input for generating machine models of design objects. 49 The Adventure of Getting to Know a Computer John M. Carroll Making text editors more like computer games may seem ridiculous on the surface, but these \"games\" use basic motivational techniques-something designers of application systems have overlooked.

Constructing User Interfaces Based on Logical Input Devices

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Constructing User Interfaces Based on Logical Input Devices