Probability Distributions.- Linear Models for Regression.- Linear Models for Classification.- Neural Networks.- Kernel Methods.- Sparse Kernel Machines.- Graphical Models.- Mixture Models and EM.- Approximate Inference.- Sampling Methods.- Continuous Latent Variables.- Sequential Data.- Combining Models.

Pattern Recognition and Machine Learning

世界経済・社会統計 = World development indicators

Background Recent studies have reported associations between particulate air pollution and daily mortality rates. Population-based, cross-sectional studies of metropolitan areas in the United States have also found associations between particulate air pollution and annual mortality rates, but these studies have been criticized, in part because they did not directly control for cigarette smoking and other health risks. Methods In this prospective cohort study, we estimated the effects of air pollution on mortality, while controlling for individual risk factors. Survival analysis, including Cox proportional-hazards regression modeling, was conducted with data from a 14-to-16-year mortality follow-up of 8111 adults in six U.S. cities. Results Mortality rates were most strongly associated with cigarette smoking. After adjusting for smoking and other risk factors, we observed statistically significant and robust associations between air pollution and mortality. The adjusted mortality-rate ratio for the most po...

An Association between Air Pollution and Mortality in Six U.S. Cities

Although humans have been exposed to airborne nanosized particles (NSPs; < 100 nm) throughout their evolutionary stages, such exposure has increased dramatically over the last century due to anthropogenic sources. The rapidly developing field of nanotechnology is likely to become yet another source through inhalation, ingestion, skin uptake, and injection of engineered nanomaterials. Information about safety and potential hazards is urgently needed. Results of older bio-kinetic studies with NSPs and newer epidemiologic and toxicologic studies with airborne ultrafine particles can be viewed as the basis for the expanding field of nanotoxicology, which can be defined as safety evaluation of engineered nanostructures and nanodevices. Collectively, some emerging concepts of nanotoxicology can be identified from the results of these studies. When inhaled, specific sizes of NSPs are efficiently deposited by diffusional mechanisms in all regions of the respiratory tract. The small size facilitates uptake into cells and transcytosis across epithelial and endothelial cells into the blood and lymph circulation to reach potentially sensitive target sites such as bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and heart. Access to the central nervous system and ganglia via translocation along axons and dendrites of neurons has also been observed. NSPs penetrating the skin distribute via uptake into lymphatic channels. Endocytosis and biokinetics are largely dependent on NSP surface chemistry (coating) and in vivo surface modifications. The greater surface area per mass compared with larger-sized particles of the same chemistry renders NSPs more active biologically. This activity includes a potential for inflammatory and pro-oxidant, but also antioxidant, activity, which can explain early findings showing mixed results in terms of toxicity of NSPs to environmentally relevant species. Evidence of mitochondrial distribution and oxidative stress response after NSP endocytosis points to a need for basic research on their interactions with subcellular structures. Additional considerations for assessing safety of engineered NSPs include careful selections of appropriate and relevant doses/concentrations, the likelihood of increased effects in a compromised organism, and also the benefits of possible desirable effects. An interdisciplinary team approach (e.g., toxicology, materials science, medicine, molecular biology, and bioinformatics, to name a few) is mandatory for nanotoxicology research to arrive at an appropriate risk assessment.

/pdf/nanotoxicology-an-emerging-discipline-evolving-from-studies-pb7art8sfp.pdf

Nanotoxicology: An Emerging Discipline Evolving from Studies of Ultrafine Particles

https://dro.deakin.edu.au/eserv/DU:30146218/sharifulislam-globalburden-2020.pdf

Global Burden of Cardiovascular Diseases and Risk Factors, 1990–2019: Update From the GBD 2019 Study

Alpha particle radioactivity from indoor radon decay products and pulmonary function among chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients

Air Pollution, Climate Conditions and Risk of Psychotic Hospitalization in U.S. Residents

Air purifier performance and the spatial variation in a single residential room

BACKGROUND: Although the effects of fine particulate matter (particulate matter &amp;#x2264;2.5 &amp;#x3bc;m aerodynamic diameter; PM₂.₅) on cardiovascular diseases (CVD) morbidity and mortality are well established, little is known about CVD health effects of particle radioactivity (PR). In addition, there are still questions about which of the PM₂.₅ physical, chemical, or biological properties are mostly responsible for its toxicity. METHODS: We investigated the association between PR, measured as gross β-activity from highly resolved spatiotemporal predictions, and mortality for CVD, myocardial infarction, stroke, and all-cause non-accidental mortality in Massachusetts (2001-2015). Within both difference-in-difference (DID) approach and generalized linear mixed-effect model frameworks, we fit gross β-activity-alone, PM2.5 alone, gross β-activity&amp;#x26;PM₂.₅ models and examined the interaction between PM₂.₅ and gross β-activity. RESULTS: We found significant associations between gross β-activity/PM₂.₅ and each mortality cause. Using the DID approach and adjusting for PM₂.₅, we found the highest associations with MI (RR=1.16, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.24) and stroke (RR=1.11, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.18) for an IQR increase (0.055 mBq/m3) in gross β-activity. We found a significant positive interaction between PM₂.₅ and gross β-activity, with higher associations between PM₂.₅ and mortality at a higher level of gross β-activity. We also observed that the associations varied across age groups. The results were comparable between the two statistical methods with and without adjusting for PM₂.₅. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study that, using highly spatiotemporal predictions of gross β-activity, provides evidence that PR increases CVD mortality and enhances PM₂.₅ CVD mortality. Therefore, PR can be an important property of PM₂.₅ that must be further investigated. Addressing this important question can lead to cost-effective air quality regulations. KEYWORDS: cardiovascular disease; death; particle radioactivity; death 

The synergistic effects of Particle Radioactivity (Gross Beta Activity) and PM2.5 on Cardiovascular Diseases Mortality

Sinusitis and Rhinitis Symptoms Following Deployment-related Occupational and Environmental Exposures Among US Veterans

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