https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/files/155775677/Carson_GripStrength_review_accepted.pdf

Get a grip: individual variations in grip strength are a marker of brain health

Background: Cross education is the contralateral strength gain following unilateral training of the ipsilateral limb. This phenomenon provides an ideal rehabilitation model for acute or chr...

The effect of unilateral training on contralateral limb strength in young, older, and patient populations: a meta-analysis of cross education

Effects of motor imagery and action observation on hand grip strength, electromyographic activity and intramuscular oxygenation in the hand gripping gesture: A randomized controlled trial.

Objective: To perform a scoping review of the literature on the experimental studies examining the role of resistance training frequency, intensity, the type of training, training volume, and adjuvant therapies on the cross-education of strength. Study Design: Scoping Review. Literature Search: The review was preregistered and performed with the search methodology described by the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews. CINAHL, MEDLINE, APA PsycInfo, SPORTDiscus, and Web of Science were systematically searched with grey literature searches and pearling of references thereafter. Study Selection Criteria: Experiments were included in the review if they performed a unilateral resistance training intervention that directly compared the dose of a training variable on the cross-education response in healthy or clinical populations following a minimum of two weeks of training. Experiments must have reported maximal strength outcomes for the untrained limb. Data Synthesis: For each experiment, the study population, intervention methods, the dosage of the training variable being studied, and the outcomes for the untrained, contralateral limb was identified and collectively synthesized. Results: The search returned a total of 911 articles, 56 of which qualified for inclusion. The results show that experimental trials have been conducted on resistance training frequency (n = 4), intensity (n = 7), the type of training (n = 25), training volume (n = 3), and adjuvant therapies (n = 17) on the cross-education of strength. Conclusions: This review synthesizes the available evidence regarding exercise design and prescription strategies to promote the cross-education of strength. It appears that traditional resistance training frequencies (ie., 2-3d/wk) at high intensities are effective at promoting cross-education. Eccentric muscle actions show additive benefits. There is experimental evidence that neuromodulatory techniques can augment cross-education when layered with unilateral resistance training versus training alone.

Exercise prescription and strategies to promote the cross-education of strength: a scoping review

Cross-education of strength can be described as the neuromuscular improvement of performance in an untrained unilateral limb while concomitantly training the contralateral limb. First observed over a century ago, the improved neuromuscular performance in the untrained limb is thought to be primarily mediated by neural, rather than muscular, mechanisms. However, the precise mechanisms underlying cross-education remain unknown. Regardless of the mechanisms, unilateral training programs can help improve strength, or attenuate the loss of strength, in an untrained, contralateral limb. Specifically, this information could be beneficial for developing rehabilitative programs for individuals (i.e., manual laborers, athletes, elderly), after orthopedic injury (i.e., ruptured ligament, bone fracture) or for individuals with neurological conditions due to structural or neuromuscular impairments in one limb (i.e., stroke, multiple sclerosis). Despite its potential use in these populations, cross-education of strength is infrequently considered in the design of rehabilitative programs. There are several applied and physiological considerations to take into account when designing unilateral training programs to elicit cross-education of strength in the untrained or impaired contralateral limb. First, cross-education is mainly unidirectional. There is a greater transfer of strength from training the unilateral dominant limb to the untrained contralateral non-dominant limb. Second, the magnitude of strength transfer to the untrained limb ( 8%–10%) can be proportional to the strength gain of the trained limb. Third, muscle lengthening, as opposed to muscle shortening contractions, and faster contraction velocities, as opposed to slower contraction velocities, induce greater crosseducation. Fourth, the physiological processes underlying the cross-education of strength may occur after as little as a single bout of strength training, and subsequent increased strength in the untrained limb can occur as early as 2 weeks into training (3 strength training sessions per week). Furthermore, performing 3 sets as opposed to 1 set per session of unilateral strength training may lead to greater transfer of strength to the contralateral untrained limb. Finally, the novelty of the exercise may also influence the amount of strength transferred. The more unfamiliar the exercise task, the greater the transfer of strength. Another important factor to consider when designing a unilateral resistance training program is interlimb asymmetry. When an individual completes a unilateral resistance training program, increases in muscle hypertrophy are often observed in the trained limb without any change in muscle hypertrophy in the untrained limb. As a result, interlimb asymmetries in muscle size and strength often arise after unilateral training. This asymmetry between limbs may place individuals at an increased risk for injury, especially those at a heightened risk of falling (e.g., the elderly), as muscle imbalances between limbs may affect the individual’s ability to maintain balance while moving. These interlimb asymmetries have been previously accepted as a consequence of unilateral training because rehabilitative post-injury programs can be tailored to reduce the asymmetry between limbs. By manipulating the prescription of the training program, researchers may be able to induce cross-education of strength without the hypertrophic effects in the trained limb, although it is currently unknown if this can be done. In this issue of the journal, Boyes and colleagues assessed for the first time whether different unilateral training frequencies have similar effects on cross-education of strength and hypertrophy. Using isometric grip strength as the training exercise, participants were placed in either a high-frequency (HF) or a low-frequency (LF) training program. Participants were asked to complete either 2 sets of 6 repetitions (2 3 6) 10 times per week (HF program), or 5 sets of 8 repetitions (5 3 8) 3 times per week (LF program), over a 4-week period. Thus, the total volume of training was matched between each program. The authors proposed that the HF program would allow for the observation of cross-education of strength B.C.W. and E.J.L. contributed equally to this editorial.

Prescribing cross-education of strength: Is it time?

Introduction Cross-education training programs cause interlimb asymmetry of strength and hypertrophy. We examined the cross-education effects from a high-frequency (HF) versus a low-frequency (LF) volume-matched handgrip training program on interlimb asymmetry. Methods Right-handed participants completed either HF (n = 10; 2 × 6 repetitions 10 times per week) or LF (n = 9; 5 × 8 repetitions 3 times per week) training. Testing occurred twice before and once after 4 weeks of right-handed isometric handgrip training totaling 120 weekly repetitions. Measures were maximal isometric handgrip and wrist flexion torque, muscle thickness, and muscle activation (electromyography; EMG). Results Grip strength was greater in both limbs posttraining, pooled across groups (P 0.103). Discussion Both LF and HF induced cross-education of grip strength to the untrained limb, but HF did not reduce asymmetry. These findings have implications for injury rehabilitation. Muscle Nerve 56: 689-695, 2017.

Cross-education after high-frequency versus low-frequency volume-matched handgrip training.

Unilateral strength training can attenuate muscle mass and strength losses in an opposite immobilized limb. Traditional unilateral training programs that yield these crosseducation effects cause inter-limb asymmetry by inducing hypertrophy and strength increases in the trained limb. A higher frequency training program with lower per session volume may attenuate trained limb hypertrophy but still yield cross-education effects, lowering inter-limb asymmetry. PURPOSE: To determine the effects of a high frequency (HF) vs. low frequency (LF) volume-matched 4-week isometric grip strength training program on cross-education of strength. METHODS: Nineteen healthy right-handed participants (age 24±5 years) were randomly assigned to one of two groups: HF (n=10) and LF (n=9). Participants were tested twice before and once after a 4-week, unilateral (right) grip strength training program totaling 120 maximal repetitions per week. HF trained twice per day, 5 days per week, 2 sets of 6 repetitions per session. LF trained 3 days per week, 5 sets of 8 repetitions per session. Measures included maximal isometric grip strength (grip dynamometer) and wrist flexion (NORM dynamometer), muscle thickness (ultrasound), muscle activation (EMG) and voluntary activation (twitch-interpolation). RESULTS: A significant time main effect (p<0.001) was observed for isometric grip strength where both limbs increased from pre to post with no differences between groups (LF right: 42.4±12.2 to 46.6±11.1 kg; LF left: 38.6±10.5 to 42.0±10.4 kg; HF right: 47.6±13.6 to 50.5±13.5 kg; HF left: 43.9±11.9 to 47.6±13.3 kg). Muscle thickness significantly increased in both groups in the right limb only (R: 3.93±0.44 to 4.04±0.45 cm, p<0.05; L: 3.88±0.51 to 3.88±0.49 cm, p=0.897). EMG burst activity (normalized to the maximal M wave), maximal isometric wrist flexion torque, and voluntary activation of the forearm muscles did not change significantly from pre to post training in either arm (p=0.256 to 0.831). CONCLUSION: As predicted, both LF and HF training programs were effective for inducing cross-education of grip strength to the untrained limb; however, contrary to our hypothesis, both programs induced similar hypertrophy in the trained limb. These findings have implications for rehabilitation strategies after unilateral injury.

Cross-education Effects After High Versus Low Frequency, Volume-matched Grip Strength Training.: 2205 Board #357 June 2, 2: 00 PM - 3: 30 PM.

................................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................. iv List of Figures ....................................................................................................................................... vii List of Tables ........................................................................................................................................ viii

H-Reflex Plasticity Following Cast Immobilization Of Distal Radius Wrist Fractures: 2720 Board #240 June 2 9

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Peter Yee

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Cross-education after high-frequency versus low-frequency volume-matched handgrip training.

Cross-education Effects After High Versus Low Frequency, Volume-matched Grip Strength Training.: 2205 Board #357 June 2, 2: 00 PM - 3: 30 PM.

H-Reflex Plasticity Following Cast Immobilization Of Distal Radius Wrist Fractures: 2720 Board #240 June 2 9