This research report has been written under the auspices
of the University College London (UCL) Centre for
Holocaust Education. The Centre is part of the UCL
Institute of Education – currently the world’s leading
university for education – and is comprised of a team
of researchers and educators from a variety of different
disciplinary fields. The Centre works in partnership with
the Pears Foundation who, together with the Department
for Education, have co-funded its operation since it was
first established in 2008.
A centrally important principle of all activity based at
the UCL Centre for Holocaust Education is that, wherever
possible, classroom practice should be informed by
academic scholarship and relevant empirical research.
In 2009, Centre staff published an extensive national
study of secondary school teachers’ experience of
and attitudes towards teaching about the Holocaust
(Pettigrew et al. 2009). This new report builds on that
earlier work by critically examining English school
students’ knowledge and understanding of this history.
In both cases, research findings have been – and will
continue to be – used to develop an innovative and
ground-breaking programme of continuing professional
development (CPD) for teachers and educational
resources that are uniquely responsive to clearly identified
classroom needs. The UCL Centre for Holocaust
Education is the only institution of its kind, both within
the United Kingdom and internationally, where pioneering
empirical research is placed at the heart of work to
support teachers and their students encountering this
profoundly important yet complex and challenging
subject in schools.
The Centre offers a wide-ranging educational
programme appropriate to teachers at all stages of their
careers through a carefully constructed ‘pathway of
professional development’. This provides opportunities
for individuals to progressively deepen their knowledge
and improve their practice. It offers a national programme
of Initial Teacher Education in Holocaust education and a
variety of in-depth and subject-specific CPD. In addition,
the Centre also offers online distance learning facilities,
including a fully accredited taught Masters-level module
The Holocaust in the Curriculum. Through its Beacon
School programme, Centre staff work intensively
with up to 20 schools across England each year in order
to recognise and further develop exemplary
whole-school approaches and effective pedagogy.
All of the courses and classroom materials developed
by the UCL Centre for Holocaust Education are available
free of charge to teachers working in England’s statefunded
secondary schools. Further information can be
found at www.ioe.ac.uk/holocaust.

What do students know and understand about the Holocaust? Evidence from English secondary schools

Maps vii Abbreviations and Foreign Terms xv Preface xix 1. Dilemma 1 2. Decision 31 3. Onslaught 77 4. Whirlwind 135 5. Reckoning 199 6. All or Nothing 241 7. Total War 303 8. Scorched Earth 359 9. Disintegration 405 10. Death Throes 439 Conclusion 473 Acknowledgments 489 Appendix: Supplementary Data 491 Notes 499 Bibliography 555 Index 609 Photographs follow page 234

Ostkrieg: Hitler's War of Extermination in the East

Deportations by train were critical in the Nazis’ genocidal vision of the “Final Solution of the Jewish Question.” Historians have estimated that between 1941 and 1944 up to three million Jews were transported to their deaths in concentration and extermination camps. In his writings on the “Final Solution,” Raul Hilberg pondered the role of trains: “How can railways be regarded as anything more than physical equipment that was used, when the time came, to transport the Jews from various cities to shooting grounds and gas chambers in Eastern Europe?” This book explores the question by analyzing the victims’ experiences at each stage of forced relocation: the round-ups and departures from the ghettos, the captivity in trains, and finally, the arrival at the camps. Utilizing a variety of published memoirs and unpublished testimonies, the book argues that victims experienced the train journeys as mobile chambers, comparable in importance to the more studied, fixed locations of persecution, such as ghettos and camps.

The Train Journey: Transit, Captivity, and Witnessing in the Holocaust

This volume offers the first, in-depth comparison of the Holocaust and new world slavery. Providing a reliable view of the relevant issues, and based on a broad and comprehensive set of data and evidence, Steven Katz analyzes the fundamental differences between the two systems and re-evaluates our understanding of the Nazi agenda. Among the subjects he examines are: the use of black slaves as workers compared to the Nazi use of Jewish labor; the causes of slave demographic decline and growth in different New World locations; the main features of Jewish life during the Holocaust relative to slave life with regard to such topics as diet, physical punishment, medical care, and the role of religion; the treatment of slave women and children as compared to the treatment of Jewish women and children in the Holocaust. Katz shows that slave women were valued as workers, as reproducers of future slaves, and as sexual objects, and that slave children were valued as commodities. For these reasons, neither slave women nor children were intentionally murdered. By comparison, Jewish slave women and children were viewed as the ultimate racial enemy and therefore had to be exterminated. These and other findings conclusively demonstrate the uniqueness of the Holocaust compared with other historical instances of slavery.

The Holocaust and New World Slavery: A Comparative History

The “Trawniki men” were indigenous collaborators who provided auxiliaries essential to “Operation Reinhard”—the murder of all Jews in the Government General. As architects of mass robbery, mass enslavement, and mass murder, the SS created in the Trawniki men a ruthless force bound neither to territory nor to nationalist aims, but rather to commanders and missions. The Germans’ provision of military benefits, their extension of awards and status, and even the respect they showed their helpers tightened the bond. Nicknamed for the earlier German colonial “askaris” in East Africa, the Trawniki-men were not so much reminiscent of the past as they were enforcers of the Nazi future.

Foot Soldiers of the Final Solution: The Trawniki Training Camp and Operation Reinhard

A recently discovered document sheds new light on Einsatz Reinhardt, the murder of the Jews in the General Government. For the first time detailed statistics on the 1942 killings in the extermination camps of Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka, and in the Concentration Camp Lublin-Majdanek, as compiled by Nazi officials, are available. The reliability of the numbers appears confirmed by a consideration of the related research of other historians. The authors analyze the document in its wider historical context, raising issues that call for further research. The Background A recently discovered document on Einsatz Reinhardt, the murder of the Jews in the General Government, is of fundamental importance for any discussion of the numbers of Jewish victims in Poland. For the first time we have detailed figures, as compiled by Nazi officials, for the 1942 killings in the extermination camps of Belzec, Sobibor, and Treblinka, and the Concentration Camp Lublm-Majdanek. Some deaths at Majdanek are here included as part of Einsatz Reinliardt The sum total given in this document equals the total number in the so-called Korherr Report, written by Himmler's statisbcian Richard Korherr and later (in all probability) presented by Himmler to Hitler This document adds to our understanding of the Einsatz Reinhardt extennination camps in Poland, and of the channels of information about the "Final Solution of the Jewish Question" leading up to the highest levels, including "the Fiihrer" himself. This document was uncovered among recently declassified material at the Pubhe Record Office in Kew, England, and comprises two partially intercepted "state secret" radio messages from Lublin, General Government Both are dated January 11, 1943, the second following within five minutes of the first One was addressed to SS Lieutenant Colonel Eichmann at Reich Security Main Office (RSHA) Berlin, and the other to SS Lieutenant Colonel Heim, deputy commander of the Security Police and SD for the General Government in Cracow. It was sent by SS Major Hofle, staff member of the SS and Police Leader (SSPF) in Lublin. Due to receiving problems,

A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during "Einsatz Reinhardt" 1942

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A New Document on the Deportation and Murder of Jews during "Einsatz Reinhardt" 1942