Understanding the effects of anthropogenic global warming (AGW) on species interactions is essential for predicting community responses to climate change. However, while effects of AGW on resource?consumer interactions at the first and second trophic level have been well studied, little is known about effects on interactions at higher trophic levels at the terminal end of food chains (e.g. in the third and fourth trophic levels). Here, we examined the effects of temperature variability by simulating heatwaves on functional responses of two species at the fourth trophic level (hyperparasitoids) that parasitize host species at the third trophic level (parasitoid cocoons). We found that host cocoons developed faster under simulated heatwave conditions, decreasing the temporal window of susceptibility of the host cocoons to parasitism by the two hyperparasitoids, and consequently parasitism declined with temperature. However, the effects of a simulated heatwave markedly differed among the two hyperparasitoid species; temperature and host quality had a much stronger effect on early reproduction in the less fecund hyperparasitoid Gelis agilis, than in the more fecund species Acrolyta nens. Our results suggest that exposure to heatwaves, that are expected to increase in frequency, will affect the ability of species at higher trophic levels to exploit transient resources whose suitability is temperature-dependent. In turn, the observed effects of AGW on the functional responses of the hyperparasitoids may disrupt trophic interactions and have profound impact on population dynamics and ecological processes. A plain language summary is available for this article.

https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/1365-2435.13277

Differential effects of climate warming on reproduction and functional responses on insects in the fourth trophic level

Insect and disease problems often occur suddenly, and frequently represent a crisis that demands immediate attention. There are some problems with tree health care because application of sprays to shade trees in urban areas requires specialized, expensive equipment. Microinjection is a type of trunk injection where small amounts of therapeutic chemicals are introduced directly into a tree without any contact with the environment. We applied microinjection technology by using VIVID®II (Tree Tech Microinjection Systems, Morriston, FL, USA) insecticide to solve the problem with horse-chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimic) on horse chestnut tree (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) in urban greenery in Slovakia. In 2006 were treated 230 host trees in 12 localities, 337 trees in 15 localities were treated in 2007. Mean efficiency of control measures was above 95%. The presence of insecticide residues were analyzed in pollen. 0.145 mg/kg of residues was detected in pollen one day after treatment. It decreased rapidly 8 days after treatment and 16 days after treatment was not detectable. In spite of these results the treatment after blossom is recommended.

Tree Injection in the Management of Horse-Chestnut Leaf Miner. Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae)

Crop plant domestication can change plant resistance to herbivores leading to differences in pest pressure experienced by crop plants and their wild relatives. To compare resistance to herbivores between domesticated and wild fruit trees, we quantified direct resistance and indirect resistance to a pest insect, the florivorous apple blossom weevil Anthonomus pomorum (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), for the cultivated apple Malus domestica and two wild apple species, the European crab apple M. sylvestris and the exotic M. kirghisorum. We measured weevil infestation and performance (weight, sex ratio), and weevil parasitism by parasitoid wasps for different cultivars of M. domestica and for the two wild apple species. To explain weevil and parasitoid responses to different apple species, we quantified tree characteristics including nitrogen content, size of flower buds, bark roughness, tree size, tree phenology and tree position. We found significant differences in susceptibility to weevil infestation between apple species, with lowest infestation (highest apple resistance) in M. domestica and highest infestation in M. kirghisorum. The suitability of apple species also varied significantly: weevils emerging from M. sylvestris were significantly lighter than those from M. kirghisorum. Parasitism of A. pomorum by different parasitoid species was significantly higher in M. sylvestris than in M. domestica. Infestation, weevil weight and parasitism were positively related to tree characteristics: infestation to bud nitrogen content and bark roughness, weevil size to nitrogen content and bud size, and parasitism to tree height and bud density. Our study revealed marked differences between apple species in susceptibility and suitability for the pest herbivore, but also for antagonistic parasitoids. Whereas direct resistance appeared to be higher in cultivated apple, indirect resistance via parasitoids was apparently higher in wild apple trees. Our findings suggest that wild and cultivated apple trees possess different resistance traits that may be combined to optimize resistance in commercial apple cultivars.

Differential susceptibility and suitability of domestic and wild apple species for a florivorous weevil and its parasitoids

Apparent competition, through the action of shared natural enemies, is frequently suggested as a possible mechanism underlying the impact of invasive alien species on native species, but examples are rare, particularly in insects. A previous study showed that the beech leaf mining weevil, Orchestes fagi, was significantly less abundant close to horse-chestnut trees infested by the invasive horse-chestnut leaf mining moth, Cameraria ohridella, compared to control sites. Apparent competition through the sharing of natural enemies was proposed as a potential mechanism underlying this effect. To test the occurrence of apparent competition between the two leaf miner species, three observational studies and one experimental manipulation were carried out in Switzerland during 3 years. The total mortality, parasitism, predation and parasitoid diversity of larvae and pupae of O. fagi were compared between sites with and without horse-chestnut trees severely attacked by C. ohridella. Total mortality and predation rates of O. fagi were not significantly different between sites with and sites without C. ohridella. Despite a large overlap between the parasitoid complexes of the two leaf miners, parasitism of O. fagi was found to be positively influenced by the presence of horse-chestnuts infested by C. ohridella in only one of the four studies and only for 1 year. Similarly, parasitoid diversity was not higher near infested horse-chestnut trees compared to control sites. Thus, little evidence for apparent competition was found. Possible reasons, including possible insufficiencies in the experimental circumstances and design, are discussed.

/pdf/does-the-invasive-horse-chestnut-leaf-mining-moth-cameraria-2ac8pbpj4q.pdf

Does the invasive horse-chestnut leaf mining moth, Cameraria ohridella, affect the native beech leaf mining weevil, Orchestes fagi, through apparent competition?

This catalogue includes information about species diversity of two Braconidae subfamilies Doryctinae and Exothecinae from Iran. Fourty species belonging to 15 genera of Doryctinae and three species of one genus of Exothecinae are listed. Two species, Rhaconotus pictipennis (Reinhard, 1885) (Doryctinae) and Colastes (Xenarcha) lustator (Haliday, 1836) (Exothecinae), are recorded from Iran for the first time. A faunistic list with distribution data and host records is provided.

An Annotated Catalogue of the Iranian Doryctinae and Exothecinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

Parasitic Hymenoptera from the suprafamily Ichneumonoidea attacking the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) were studied in southwest Slovakia during 2000 and 2001. The search for such species resulted in the determination of eight ichneumonid species, Gelis agilis (Fabricius), Itoplectis alternans (Gravenhorst), I. clavicornis (Thompson), I. maculator (Fabricius), Scambus annulatus (Kiss), S. brevicornis (Gravenhorst), Zatypota percontatoria (Muller), Adelognathus sp. and a braconid Colastes braconius Haliday. The most abundant species was S. annulatus. All these species recorded are polyphagous and often facultative hyperparasitoids, except C. braconius, which departs from this norm in not being hyperparasitic. The presence of more diversified native parasitoids and hyperparasitoids from the Ichneumonoidea predicate a slow successive adaptation of the parasitoid fauna to the invasive host, Cameraria ohridella.

Parasitic Ichneumonoidea on the horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Slovakia

During 2003–2005 regular collections of horse chestnut leaves (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) were carried out to screen the parasitoid species associated with larvae and pupae of horse chestnut leaf miner (Cameraria ohridella Deschka et Dimic, 1986) at two different sites of SE Slovakia. Within the parasitoids reared, three species from the superfamily Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) were newly recorded for Slovakia.

First records of some Chalcidoidea species (Hymenoptera) parasiting on horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae), in Slovakia

During investigations of entomofauna associated with canes of plants from the genus Rubus in SW Slovakia, adults of a very rare gall midge species Tribremia brevitarsis (Kieffer, 1904) (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) were found and identified. Adults of T. brevitarsis were found resting on slight cobwebs stretched inside loganberry (Rubus loganobaccus L.) stand. This is the first record of this species after its description by KIEFFER (1904). Adults of T. brevitarsis are very small flies. The body of the male is 1.9 mm long and wing 2.2 mm; the body of the female is 1.8 mm long and wing 2.2 mm. Antennae of both sexes are 2 + 12 segmented. Male flagellomeres are binodal, each flagellomere with two unequal nodes; the proximal node is ovoid, the distal node is pear-shaped. Female flagellomeres are cylindrical and each flagellomere consists of only one node and a short stem. Biology of this species is unknown. KIEFFER (1904) caught a single male on a pile of wood in July and described it as Bremia brevitarsis. Later KIEFFER (1912) established the new genus Tribremia (without giving diagnosis) with Bremia brevitarsis as the type species. A year later KIEFFER (1913) gave a complete diagnosis of this genus and figured the hypopygium of the male. Material examined: SW Slovakia, Vrable (48◦15′ N, 18◦17′ E, 172 m a.s.l.), 5 , 1 , 14.VIII.2005, adults were caught inside the stand of Rubus loganobaccus, leg. P. Toth, det. et coll. M. Skuhrava. Distribution: France and Slovakia. This species was found by KIEFFER (1904) in environs of Bitch in NE France and since 1904 has not been recorded in any country till 2005 when it was found at Vrable in SW Slovakia. It is a very rare species (SKUHRAVA et al., 2005).

First record of the rare gall midge Tribremia brevitarsis (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from Slovakia

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Parasitic Ichneumonoidea on the horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Slovakia

First records of some Chalcidoidea species (Hymenoptera) parasiting on horse chestnut leaf miner, Cameraria ohridella (Lepidoptera, Gracillariidae), in Slovakia

First record of the rare gall midge Tribremia brevitarsis (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) from Slovakia