Metallic materials are among the most crucial engineering materials widely utilized as biomaterials owing to their significant thermal conductivity, mechanical characteristics, and biocompatibility. Although these metallic biomedical implants, such as stainless steel, gold, silver, dental amalgams, Co-Cr, and Ti alloys, are generally used for bone tissue regeneration and repairing bodily tissue, the need for innovative technologies is required owing to the sensitivity of medical applications and to avoid any potential harmful reactions, thereby improving the implant to bone integration and prohibiting infection lea by corrosion and excessive stress. Taking this into consideration, several research and developments in biomaterial surface modification are geared toward resolving these issues in bone-related medical therapies/implants offering a substantial influence on cell adherence, increasing the longevity of the implant and rejuvenation along with the expansion in cell and molecular biology expertise. The primary objective of this review is to reaffirm the significance of surface modification of biomedical implants by enlightening numerous significant physical surface modifications, including ultrasonic nanocrystal surface modification, thermal spraying, ion implantation, glow discharge plasma, electrophoretic deposition, and physical vapor deposition. Furthermore, we also focused on the characteristics of some commonly used biomedical alloys, such as stainless steel, Co-Cr, and Ti alloys.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-6412/12/10/1459/pdf?version=1666594981

Recent Advancements in Surface Modification, Characterization and Functionalization for Enhancing the Biocompatibility and Corrosion Resistance of Biomedical Implants

Laser beam micromachining is a prominent method for micromachining applications. But it has some drawbacks like thermal stresses, uncontrolled dimensions, burrs, and spatter. Similarly, non-conventional processes like ECM, EDM, and conventional machining processes, namely turning, drilling and milling, also have limitations due to slow process and tooling costs. Researchers are continuously seeking hybrid machining, like laser-based hybrid machining methods, to improve the product's quality characteristics. Researchers have thoroughly investigated the laser-based hybrid process mechanism in the last decade and have identified different issues and control strategies to improve its performance. This paper reviews laser-based hybrid micromachining processes (LHMMP) in which LBM is combined with conventional processes and non-conventional processes in an assisted or sequential manner. Also, other energy sources assisting the laser beam machining process, viz. vibration, magnetic field, electric field, fluids, and gases, are reviewed in the current work. This paper summarizes the work performed on metals, non-metals and ceramics in the area of the LHMMP to create 3D micro features. Theoretical and experimental studies, mechanisms of machining, machining setups, and the impact of process parameters on laser-based hybrid micromachining techniques are reviewed in detail. The hybrid processes elevate the process efficiency, surface quality, tooling cost and precision of fabricated parts. In the last section of this paper, future development efforts needed in this area of laser-based hybrid machining are suggested to multiply the process utility.

Laser-based hybrid micromachining processes: A review

In the conventional spinning of metal sheets, the deformation mode and wall thickness variation have a critical effect on forming stability, quality, and accuracy. Although it is widely accepted there is near-constant wall thickness during conventional spinning, there is actually a certain degree of variation in wall thickness during this process. The nature of this variation has yet to be fully understood, which makes it difficult to precisely control wall thickness during conventional spinning. In this study, we investigated and predicted the deformation mode and wall thickness variation in the conventional spinning of a 1060 aluminium alloy plate. It is found that there are three deformation modes that change sequentially in conventional spinning: shear deformation, compression-shear deformation, and tension-shear deformation. These modes correspond, respectively, to the wall thickness variation of (a) sine-law reduction, (b) a reduction intermediate between sine-law reduction and no reduction, and (c) wall thickening. These dynamic changes in deformation mode and wall thickness variation are caused by a decrease in stress triaxiality in the forming region, which is induced by a decrease in the constraint from the flange region to the forming region. We quantified this constraint by calculating the bending rigidity of the flange region, which represents the resistance to the elastic bending deformation that occurs once the flange loses its stability. Then, we developed a formula with the bending rigidity of the flange region as an independent variable to predict the deformation mode and wall thickness variation that occurs during the conventional spinning of 1060 aluminium alloy. Moreover, we determined the effects of the processing parameters on the deformation, and then used a process-related correction factor to incorporate these effects into the above predictive model. By this model, the effects of processing parameters on the change in the deformation mode during spinning were revealed. The model was also used to modify the traditional flange wrinkling model, in which the wall thickness is assumed to be constant. This modified wrinkling model considers the actual variation in wall thickness, which enabled us to accurately determine the maximum circumferential compressive stress on the flange. Thus, the predictive accuracy and applicability of the modified wrinkling model for characterizing the conventional spinning of 1060 aluminium alloy was far superior to that of the traditional wrinkling model. These results increase the understanding of deformation behavior in conventional spinning, thereby providing important guidance for improved processing design and forming accuracy. 

Deformation mode and wall thickness variation in conventional spinning of metal sheets

Manual priming of sheet metal parts by traditional spray guns is a very skillful profession employed in diverse industries, uniquely for manufacturing through vendors. Although, this ability is ending up progressively unattainable, mostly because of the lack of skill and more expenses. In any case, a financially efficient and adaptable way to deal with priming of sheet metal components could considerably help different industries by giving a technique to quick prototyping sheet metal parts. This article includes a literature review of various available papers from renowned journals and conferences based on current sheet metal processes, type of work done, methodology, and results.

Latest Trends in Sheet Metal Components and Its Processes—A Literature Review

The number of patients with bone defects caused by various bone diseases is increasing yearly in the aging population, and people are paying increasing attention to bone tissue engineering research. Currently, the application of bone tissue engineering mainly focuses on promoting fracture healing by carrying cytokines. However, cytokines implanted into the body easily cause an immune response, and the cost is high; therefore, the clinical treatment effect is not outstanding. In recent years, some scholars have proposed the concept of tissue-induced biomaterials that can induce bone regeneration through a scaffold structure without adding cytokines. By optimizing the scaffold structure, the performance of tissue-engineered bone scaffolds is improved and the osteogenesis effect is promoted, which provides ideas for the design and improvement of tissue-engineered bones in the future. In this study, the current understanding of the bone tissue structure is summarized through the discussion of current bone tissue engineering, and the current research on micro-nano bionic structure scaffolds and their osteogenesis mechanism is analyzed and discussed.

/pdf/study-on-the-influence-of-scaffold-morphology-and-structure-188f2ddu.pdf

Study on the influence of scaffold morphology and structure on osteogenic performance

Abstract In this experimental investigation the laser surface texturing of tool steel of type 90MnCrV8 has been conducted. The 5-axis highly dynamic laser precision machining centre Lasertec 80 Shape equipped with the nano-second pulsed ytterbium fibre laser and CNC system Siemens 840 D was used. The planar and spherical surfaces first prepared by turning have been textured. The regular array of spherical and ellipsoidal dimples with a different dimensions and different surface density has been created. Laser surface texturing has been realized under different combinations of process parameters: pulse frequency, pulse energy and laser beam scanning speed. The morphological characterization of ablated surfaces has been performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. The results show limited possibility of ns pulse fibre laser application to generate different surface structures for tribological modification of metallic materials. These structures were obtained by varying the processing conditions between surface ablation, to surface remelting. In all cases the areas of molten material and re-cast layers were observed on the bottom and walls of the dimples. Beside the influence of laser beam parameters on the machined surface quality during laser machining of regular hemispherical and elipsoidal dimple texture on parabolic and hemispherical surfaces has been studied.

/pdf/laser-surface-texturing-of-tool-steel-textured-surfaces-1rsaj9dhp1.pdf

Laser surface texturing of tool steel: textured surfaces quality evaluation

The paper deals with the experimental study of laser beam micromachining of the powder metallurgy processed Ti compacts applying the industrial grade fibre nanosecond laser operating at the wavelength of 1064 nm. The influence of the laser energy density on the surface roughness, surface morphology and surface elements composition was investigated and evaluated by means of surface roughness measurement, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The different laser treatment parameters resulted in the surfaces of very different characteristics of the newly developed biocompatible material prepared by advanced low temperature technology of hydride dehydride (HDH) titanium powder compactation. The results indicate that the laser pulse energy has remarkable effects on the machined surface characteristics which are discussed from the point of view of application in dental implantology.

A Study of Laser Micromachining of PM Processed Ti Compact for Dental Implants Applications.

Metal spinning is one of a number of flexible sheet forming processes which is a cost effective option for the production of parts with a very high strength to weight ratio. Although the wall thickness of the formed part in conventional spinning is generally considered to be nearly constant, a non uniform distribution of wall thickness is in fact observed. In this study, the wall thickness variation of a formed part made of Cr-Mn austenitic stainless steel was analysed. The thickness variation was measured using an optical 3D scanning method and the influence of mandrel speed, feed ratio and tool path profile (convex, concave and linear) on wall thickness variation was studied. A three-level full factorial design of the experiment and ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) were used. The results show that the maximal variation in wall thickness is observed in approximately half of the part wall height (thinning) and on the open end of the part (thickening). Feed ratio and roller path profile are statistically significant factors governing wall thickness variation. There was no obvious effect from the variation in mandrel speed on the thickness distribution.

/pdf/analysis-of-the-effect-of-process-parameters-on-part-wall-2fhriydhp2.pdf

Analysis of the Effect of Process Parameters on Part Wall Thickness Variation in Conventional Metal Spinning of Cr-Mn Austenitic Stainless Steels

The paper examines the surface functionalization of a new type of Ti-graphite composite, a dental biomaterial prepared by vacuum low-temperature extrusion of hydrogenated-dehydrogenated titanium powder mixed with graphite flakes. Two experimental surfaces were prepared by laser micromachining applying different levels of incident energy of the fiber nanosecond laser working at 1064 nm wavelength. The surface integrity of the machined surfaces was evaluated, including surface roughness parameters measurement by contact profilometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The chemical and phase composition were comprehensively evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses. Finally, the in vitro tests using human mesenchymal stem cells were conducted to compare the influence of the laser processing parameters used on the cell's cultivation and osteo-differentiation. The bioactivity results confirmed that the surface profile with positive kurtosis, platykurtic distribution curve and higher value of peaks spacing exhibited better bioactivity compared to the surface profile with negative kurtosis coefficient, leptokurtic distribution curve and lower peaks spacing.

Laser Surface Modification of Powder Metallurgy-Processed Ti-Graphite Composite Which Can Enhance Cells' Osteo-Differentiation.

The effect of conventional metal spinning parameters on the spun-part wall thickness variation

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