Systems and methods for implementing array cameras configured to perform super- resolution processing to generate higher resolution super-resolved images using a plurality of captured images and lens stack arrays that can be utilized in array cameras are disclosed. Lens stack arrays in accordance with many embodiments of the invention include lens elements formed on substrates separated by spacers, where the lens elements, substrates and spacers are configured to form a plurality of optical channels, at least one aperture located within each optical channel, at least one spectral filter located within each optical channel, where each spectral filter is configured to pass a specific spectral band of light, and light blocking materials located within the lens stack array to optically isolate the optical channels.

Capturing and processing of images using monolithic camera array with heterogeneous imagers

Systems and methods are described for generating restricted depth of field depth maps. In one embodiment, an image processing pipeline application configures a processor to: determine a desired focal plane distance and a range of distances corresponding to a restricted depth of field for an image rendered from a reference viewpoint; generate a restricted depth of field depth map from the reference viewpoint using the set of images captured from different viewpoints, where depth estimation precision is higher for pixels with depth estimates within the range of distances corresponding to the restricted depth of field and lower for pixels with depth estimates outside of the range of distances corresponding to the restricted depth of field; and render a restricted depth of field image from the reference viewpoint using the set of images captured from different viewpoints and the restricted depth of field depth map.

Systems and Methods for Synthesizing Images from Image Data Captured by an Array Camera Using Restricted Depth of Field Depth Maps in which Depth Estimation Precision Varies

Systems and methods in accordance with embodiments of the invention are configured to render images using light field image files containing an image synthesized from light field image data and metadata describing the image that includes a depth map. One embodiment of the invention includes a processor and memory containing a rendering application and a light field image file including an encoded image and metadata describing the encoded image, where the metadata comprises a depth map that specifies depths from the reference viewpoint for pixels in the encoded image. In addition, the rendering application configures the processor to: locate the encoded image within the light field image file; decode the encoded image; locate the metadata within the light field image file; and post process the decoded image by modifying the pixels based on the depths indicated within the depth map to create a rendered image.

Systems and methods for decoding light field image files

A variety of optical arrangements and methods of modifying or enhancing the optical characteristics and functionality of these optical arrangements are provided. The optical arrangements being specifically designed to operate with camera arrays that incorporate an imaging device that is formed of a plurality of imagers that each include a plurality of pixels. The plurality of imagers include a first imager having a first imaging characteristics and a second imager having a second imaging characteristics. The images generated by the plurality of imagers are processed to obtain an enhanced image compared to images captured by the imagers.

Optical arrangements for use with an array camera

Systems and methods in accordance with embodiments of the invention are disclosed that use super-resolution (SR) processes to use information from a plurality of low resolution (LR) images captured by an array camera to produce a synthesized higher resolution image. One embodiment includes obtaining input images using the plurality of imagers, using a microprocessor to determine an initial estimate of at least a portion of a high resolution image using a plurality of pixels from the input images, and using a microprocessor to determine a high resolution image that when mapped through the forward imaging transformation matches the input images to within at least one predetermined criterion using the initial estimate of at least a portion of the high resolution image.

Systems and methods for synthesizing high resolution images using super-resolution processes

A camera for optically capturing a screen, wherein the screen has an area and wherein a predetermined overall resolution is provided for the optical capture, comprises a camera support with an array of camera mounts, an array of optical individual cameras as well as an image processing device for processing digital individual images of the array of optical individual cameras to generate the optical capture of the screen with the predetermined overall resolution. The image processing device is effective to reduce a correction of the individual images with regard to alignment inaccuracies and/or parameter variations, wherein for correction purposes a correction resolution is used, which is higher than the overall resolution, and wherein for every individual camera an individual correction rule is used for the correction. After the correction has been performed, the corrected overall image is brought to the predetermined overall resolution by combining adjacent pixels. Thereby, with inexpensive individual cameras, an image of a large-format screen is obtained efficiently, inexpensively and with little artifacts.

Method and camera (apparatus) for optically capturing a screen

The invention relates to the detection of an edge-free irregularity (50b) in a convex surface which comprises a structuring (50a) that is delimited by edges. According to the invention, a three-dimensional representation of the surface is generated. The convexity is extracted from the three-dimensional representation of the surface, and the edges of the structuring are smoothed in order to obtain a convex-free representation of the convex surface which exhibits the irregularity and the structuring whose edges are now smoothed. The convex-free representation is compared with a threshold value in order to detect the flat areas of the convex-free representation. The surfaces of the detected areas (50a, 50b) are analyzed, whereby an area (50b) is detected as being irregular when the surface thereof is larger than its predetermined surface. Bulges or constrictions can be identified with certainty during real-time operation by using this device for carrying out quality control of tires, and can be differentiated from a marking which is intentionally provided on the tire. Band-pass filtering is carried out by means of two low-pass filters. The smoothing is non-linear. Pixel artifacts and singular artifacts are removed. A media filter is used.

Detection of irregularities in a convex surface, such as a tire sidewall, using band-pass filtering

In a method for characterizing a surface comprising a localized unevenness, a contour line of the surface is initially created as a function of a location variable (10). Subsequently, the localized unevenness is detected in the contour line (12) and eliminated from the contour line (14), so that an incomplete contour line results as a function of the location variable, which characterizes the surface without the localized unevenness. The incomplete contour line may be used to either be able to evaluate the surface without any localized points of unevenness, for example to determine the side wobble or height wobble of a tire, if the surface is a side flank and/or a running tread of a vehicle tire, or to classify the localized points of unevenness without any influence of the surface.

Method and Apparatus for Characterizing a Surface, and Method and Apparatus for Determining a Shape Anomaly of a Surface

In a method for characterizing a surface comprising a localized unevenness, a contour line of the surface is initially created as a function of a location variable. Subsequently, the localized unevenness is detected in the contour line and eliminated from the contour line, so that an incomplete contour line results as a function of the location variable, which characterizes the surface without the localized unevenness. The incomplete contour line may be used to either be able to evaluate the surface without any localized points of unevenness, for example to determine the side wobble or height wobble of a tire, if the surface is a side flank and/or a running tread of a vehicle tire, or to classify the localized points of unevenness without any influence of the surface.

Measuring for device for contactless measurement of tires

One finding of the present invention is that, by use of radiation with a polyfrequent effective spectrum for the examination of the object, beam hardening or shift of the spectrum's center of gravity does indeed lead to the fact that the effectively operative absorption coefficient or attenuation coefficient and/or the effective operative reflection coefficient of the object material, and thus particularly also the ratio of two coefficients to different radiation spectrums, no longer is solely specific for the material, but also depends on the thickness, but that this may be accepted, and nevertheless exact classification of the object material can still be done by using, in addition to the ratio of the absorption and/or reflection coefficients, one of the intensity values resulting during irradiations, in order to perform an association with one of a plurality of predetermined materials on the basis of reference data.

Method and apparatus for determining an object material

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