With critical lessons drawn from past major earthquakes, the engineering community is appealing for a fundamental shift in the existing design philosophy for structures in seismic zones. One strategy is to endow structures with self-centering (SC) capability. While the concept of SC structures is not new, many novel technologies have been recently emerging that are more efficient, compact, and cost-effective; on the other hand, growing controversy and dispute have also been appearing with deepening investigations. This paper presents a critical review of the evolution of SC technologies and systems for both researchers and practitioners, with an emphasis on post-tension (PT), high-performance spring, and shape memory alloy (SMA) strategies. These SC technologies, together with various energy dissipation options, form the basis of a large part of the newly proposed SC philosophies. This review also includes typical SC structural members such as beam-to-column connections, braces, dampers, shear walls, bridge piers, and isolation bearings, followed by a discussion on the dynamic behavior from a system-level point of view. Available design approaches for SC structures are also touched upon, and practical applications that have emerged over the past decades in several countries including Canada, China, New Zealand, and the US are presented. This paper concludes with an executive summary that covers technological advances, knowledge gaps, and future research directions. 

Self-Centering Structures Against Earthquakes: A Critical Review

Posttensioned bridge rocking systems have emerged as an alternative to traditional ductility design where substructure elements, such as columns and piles, are designed to dissipate energy through the formation of localized plastic hinges. Posttensioned rocking bridge systems have evolved from pure rocking structures to hybrid solutions that combine self-centering and dissipating capabilities, often in the form of central posttensioning and dissipation devices, respectively. Posttensioned rocking bridges provided a resilient solution with little to no damage or disruptions after a seismic event. For this reason, there has been increased interest amongst bridge asset managers and researchers in the development and application of these “low-damage” systems. This paper presents a state-of-the-art review of the evolution of posttensioned rocking bridge substructure systems, with an emphasis on column and joint details to reduce or eliminate local damage in bridge piers. This review also includes energy dissipation solutions and examples of operational bridges that have adopted posttensioned rocking column systems. This paper concludes with a comprehensive discussion that covers knowledge gaps and suggestions for future research. 

State-of-the-Art of Posttensioned Rocking Bridge Substructure Systems

Unreinforced masonry structures, particularly facade walls, are seismically vulnerable due to their weak connections with adjacent walls, floors, and/or roofs. During an earthquake, such wa...

https://ascelibrary.org/doi/pdf/10.1061/%28ASCE%29EM.1943-7889.0001985

Numerical Block-Based Simulation of Rocking Structures Using a Novel Universal Viscous Damping Model

This paper presents the results of a series of unidirectional quasi-static cyclic tests on 1/3-scale post-tensioned rocking steel bridge column specimens designed to rock at the interface w...

Experimental Investigations on the Lateral Cyclic Response of Post-Tensioned Rocking Steel Bridge Piers

This paper introduces a class of shape memory alloy (SMA)-restrained rocking (SRR) bridge columns and numerically evaluates their response under lateral loading. SRR columns are low-damage precast concrete columns that are connected to their adjacent substructure components through two series of unbonded links, namely, SMA links and energy dissipation (ED) links. The SMA links, which are prestressed and made of superelastic Nitinol, provide the rocking joints with self-centering and dissipate a moderate amount of energy. The ED links, which are made of mild steel and are replaceable, supplement the hysteretic energy dissipation provided by the SMA links. The rocking joints are protected against concrete damage via steel jacketing and end steel plates. Following the introduction of three SRR column design variations, a displacement-based procedure is proposed for their effective seismic design. Nonlinear 3D finite element models are then developed to investigate the performance of the proposed columns under monotonic and cyclic lateral loading. Finally, a parametric study is conducted to examine the effective ranges of two major design parameters of SRR columns. The findings illustrate that the proposed SRR columns are capable of meeting their targeted performance objectives, i.e., avoiding damage under the displacement demands induced by a 2475-year seismic event, as well as providing significant self-centering and hysteretic damping.

Seismic design and numerical assessment of shape memory alloy-restrained rocking precast concrete bridge columns

Research on low-damage systems has been significant in recent years. These systems combine post-tensioning, which provides self-centring; and replaceable devices, which provide energy dissipation. ...

Wigram–Magdala Link Bridge: Low-Damage Details for a More Efficient Seismic Design Philosophy

Research on low-damage systems has been significant in the past decade. These systems combine post- tensioning, which provides self-centring; and typically use replaceable devices, which give energy dissipation. WSP has used recent research, carried out at the University of Canterbury, on low-damage bridge piers and applied this into a real structure – the Wigram-Magdala Link Bridge. This is believed to be the first bridge in New Zealand and possibly worldwide to adopt such a system. Given this was the first application of the system to a real structure, there were some valuable learnings during design and construction. Firstly, the application of axial dissipaters has some limitations due to available material sizes, construction difficulty and aesthetics. Secondly, there is still some additional cost and complexity associated with using the low-damage system. Given these difficulties, this paper presents an alternative design philosophy which better captures the benefits of the low-damage system, which include cost-effective repair method, controlled damage and additional robustness and resilience. The alternative design philosophy presented is expected to result in reduced construction costs by reducing pier and foundation demands. Peak displacements and forces will be compared to the results from non-linear time history analysis to verify the performance of the low-damage connection using scaled ground motions. Furthermore, the paper will present the possible application of an alternative dissipation device, the lead extrusion damper, which can further improve the performance of low-damage connections.

Enhancing the application potential of dissipative controlled rocking connections through detailing and design

Wigram-Magdala Link Bridge: Low-Damage Details For a More Efficient Seismic Design Philosophy

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Wigram–Magdala Link Bridge: Low-Damage Details for a More Efficient Seismic Design Philosophy

Enhancing the application potential of dissipative controlled rocking connections through detailing and design

Wigram-Magdala Link Bridge: Low-Damage Details For a More Efficient Seismic Design Philosophy