The term photonic crystals appears because of the analogy between electron waves in crystals and the light waves in artificial periodic dielectric structures. During the recent years the investigation of one-, two-and three-dimensional periodic structures has attracted a widespread attention of the world optics community because of great potentiality of such structures in advanced applied optical fields. The interest in periodic structures has been stimulated by the fast development of semiconductor technology that now allows the fabrication of artificial structures, whose period is comparable with the wavelength of light in the visible and infrared ranges.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/6354/16969/00781867.pdf

Photonic crystals

Lithium niobate (LN), an outstanding and versatile material, has influenced our daily life for decades—from enabling high-speed optical communications that form the backbone of the Internet to realizing radio-frequency filtering used in our cell phones. This half-century-old material is currently embracing a revolution in thin-film LN integrated photonics. The successes of manufacturing wafer-scale, high-quality thin films of LN-on-insulator (LNOI) and breakthroughs in nanofabrication techniques have made high-performance integrated nanophotonic components possible. With rapid development in the past few years, some of these thin-film LN devices, such as optical modulators and nonlinear wavelength converters, have already outperformed their legacy counterparts realized in bulk LN crystals. Furthermore, the nanophotonic integration has enabled ultra-low-loss resonators in LN, which has unlocked many novel applications such as optical frequency combs and quantum transducers. In this review, we cover—from basic principles to the state of the art—the diverse aspects of integrated thin-film LN photonics, including the materials, basic passive components, and various active devices based on electro-optics, all-optical nonlinearities, and acousto-optics. We also identify challenges that this platform is currently facing and point out future opportunities. The field of integrated LNOI photonics is advancing rapidly and poised to make critical impacts on a broad range of applications in communication, signal processing, and quantum information.

/pdf/integrated-photonics-on-thin-film-lithium-niobate-3tfumu49q8.pdf

Integrated photonics on thin-film lithium niobate

Lithium niobate (LN), an outstanding and versatile material, has influenced our daily life for decades: from enabling high-speed optical communications that form the backbone of the Internet to realizing radio-frequency filtering used in our cell phones. This half-century-old material is currently embracing a revolution in thin-film LN integrated photonics. The success of manufacturing wafer-scale, high-quality, thin films of LN on insulator (LNOI), accompanied with breakthroughs in nanofabrication techniques, have made high-performance integrated nanophotonic components possible. With rapid development in the past few years, some of these thin-film LN devices, such as optical modulators and nonlinear wavelength converters, have already outperformed their legacy counterparts realized in bulk LN crystals. Furthermore, the nanophotonic integration enabled ultra-low-loss resonators in LN, which unlocked many novel applications such as optical frequency combs and quantum transducers. In this Review, we cover -- from basic principles to the state of the art -- the diverse aspects of integrated thin-film LN photonics, including the materials, basic passive components, and various active devices based on electro-optics, all-optical nonlinearities, and acousto-optics. We also identify challenges that this platform is currently facing and point out future opportunities. The field of integrated LNOI photonics is advancing rapidly and poised to make critical impacts on a broad range of applications in communication, signal processing, and quantum information.

/pdf/integrated-photonics-on-thin-film-lithium-niobate-55z73oui6u.pdf

Crystalline lithium niobate (LN) is an important optical material because of its broad transmission window that spans from ultraviolet to mid-infrared and its large nonlinear and electro-optic coefficients. Furthermore, the recent development and commercialization of LN-on-insulator (LNOI) technology has opened an avenue for the realization of integrated on-chip photonic devices with unprecedented performances in terms of propagation loss, optical nonlinearity, and electro-optic tunability. This review begins with a brief introduction of the history and current status of LNOI photonics. We then discuss the fabrication techniques of LNOI-based photonic structures and devices. The recent revolution in the LN photonic industry has been sparked and is still being powered by innovations of the nanofabrication technology of LNOI, which enables the production of building block structures, such as optical microresonators and waveguides of unprecedented optical qualities. The following sections present various on-chip LNOI devices categorized into nonlinear photonic and electro-optic tunable devices and photonic-integrated circuits. Some conclusions and future perspectives are provided.

/pdf/advances-in-on-chip-photonic-devices-based-on-lithium-461c9g3pmy.pdf

Advances in on-chip photonic devices based on lithium niobate on insulator

We present a thin film crystal ion sliced (CIS) LiNbO3 phase modulator that demonstrates an unprecedented measured electro-optic (EO) response up to 500 GHz. Shallow rib waveguides are utilized for guiding a single transverse electric (TE) optical mode, and Au coplanar waveguides (CPWs) support the modulating radio frequency (RF) mode. Precise index matching between the co-propagating RF and optical modes is responsible for the device’s broadband response, which is estimated to extend even beyond 500 GHz. Matching the velocities of these co-propagating RF and optical modes is realized by cladding the modulator’s interaction region in a thin UV15 polymer layer, which increases the RF modal index. The fabricated modulator possesses a tightly confined optical mode, which lends itself to a strong interaction between the modulating RF field and the guided optical carrier; resulting in a measured DC half-wave voltage of 3.8 V·cm−1. The design, fabrication, and characterization of our broadband modulator is presented in this work.

Thin film lithium niobate electro-optic modulator with terahertz operating bandwidth.

An electro-optic, solid-state electric field sensor system for noncontact detection of energized objects at power frequency (60 Hz) was investigated. In laboratory testing, the sensor system was found to have a minimum detectable field amplitude of 4 mV/m/Hz1/2, which was further reduced by a factor of 2 through vector averaging over 20 cycles. In an experimental setup emulating the realistic scenario of an energized conducting structure (such as a street light or metal fence post), the detection of a 1-m object energized at 1 VAC at a distance of 2 m was demonstrated.

Detection of Energized Structures With an Electro-Optic Electric Field Sensor

This paper reports the first demonstration of a high-speed electro-optic modulator in crystal ion sliced thin film lithium niobate (TFLN™). The device exhibits a Vπ·L of 4.75 V·cm, 8dB RF loss at 65 GHz and 40 GHz electro-optic bandwidth.

Wide-band electro-optic modulator in thin-film lithium niobate on quartz substrate

We report on photonic crystal electro-optic devices formed in engineered thin film lithium niobate (TFLN™) substrates
Photonic crystal devices previously formed in bulk diffused lithium niobate waveguides have been limited in performance by the depth and aspect ratio of the photonic crystal features We have overcome this limitation by implementing enhanced etching processes in combination with bulk thin film layer transfer techniques Photonic crystal
lattices have been formed that consist of hexagonal or square arrays of holes Various device configurations have been
explored, including Fabry Perot resonators with integrated photonic crystal mirrors and coupled resonator structures Both theoretical and experimental efforts have shown that device optical performance hinges on the fidelity and sidewall profiles of the etched photonic crystal lattice features With this technology, very compact photonic crystal sensors on the order of 10 μm x 10 μm in size have been fabricated that have comparable performance to a conventional 2 cm long bulk substrate device The photonic crystal device technology will have broad application as a compact and minimally invasive probe for sensing any of a multitude of physical parameters, including electrical, radiation, thermal and chemical

Photonic crystal electro-optic devices in engineered thin film lithium niobate substrates

The prism-based electro-optic beam deflector is a well-known technology dating back several decades. The primary
factor that has inhibited its wide-spread application is the need for high control voltages - typically around 1,000V per
degree of scanning for a device fabricated in bulk lithium niobate. We have used crystal ion slicing of lithium niobate to
realize a beam deflector with an order-of-magnitude higher deflection sensitivity. We have demonstrated 1x5 switching
of near-infrared light with a voltage swing of only +/-75V. While the optimal design of bulk deflectors is well
established, the thin-film geometry requires careful consideration of the crucial factors of light coupling efficiency and
control of beam divergence. This paper will discuss design issues for integrated 1xN switches based on this technology
and their application to implementing a practical true time delay module for phased array systems.

Low voltage, high speed electro-optic scanner and switch in thin film lithium niobate

This paper reports on the design, fabrication and testing of quasi-phase-matched (QPM) lithium niobate electro-optic
modulators optimized for the 40-60 GHz frequency range. The device used a single-drive, coplanar-waveguide (cpw)
electrode structure that provided a good balance between impedance and RF loss, and a DC Vπ.L product of
approximately 10 V.cm. Ferroelectric domain engineering enabled push-pull operation with a single drive, while
achieving low chirp. A custom developed pulsed poling process was used to fabricate periodic domain QPM structures
in lithium niobate. QPM periods were in the range of 3 mm to 4.5 mm, depending on the design frequency. The pulse
method enabled precise domain definition with a minimum of overpoling. Low-loss diffused optical waveguides were
fabricated by an annealed proton exchange (APE) process. By operating in both co-propagating and counter-propagating
modes, the QPM devices can be used to implement dual band RF bandpass filters simultaneously covering both 10-20
GHz and 40-60 GHz frequency bands. Arrays of QPM device structures demonstrated in this work form the basis for a
reconfigurable RF photonic filter. The RF photonic QPM technology enables efficient concurrent antenna remoting and
filtering functionality. Applications of the technology include fiber radio for cellular access and finite impulse response
filters for wideband electronic warfare receivers.

Quasi-phase-matched electro-optic modulators for high-speed signal processing

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