Skutnabb-Kangas, T., & Dunbar, R. (2010). Indigenous children’s education as linguistic genocide and a crime against humanity? A global view . Guovdageaidnu-Kautokeino, Norway: Galdu-Resource Centre for the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. 126 p. ISBN: 978-82-8144-049-4. Available online at: http://www.e-pages.dk/grusweb/55

Indigenous children’s education as linguistic genocide and a crime against humanity? A global view.

Humans have always played a crucial role in the evolutionary dynamics of agricultural biodiversity and thus there is a strong relationship between these resources and human cultures. These agricultural resources have long been treated as a global public good, and constitute the livelihoods of millions of predominantly poor people. At the same time, agricultural biodiversity is under serious threat in many parts of the world despite extensive conservation efforts. Ethical considerations regarding the collecting, research, and use of agricultural biodiversity are currently topics of great concern. For example, easy access to genetic resources for breeding purposes is important, but international agreements and legal frameworks are necessary to ensure adequate recognition of the contributions of local communities and traditional farmers in creating and nurturing these resources. Here, we assess ethical principles in the context of existing codes of conduct that are relevant for agro-biodiversity researchers. We aim to create awareness among scientists and policy makers who are concerned with agro-biodiversity research and its potential impact on local communities. We encourage a serious assessment of the ethical principles presented here and hope to facilitate an integration of these principles into the reader’s personal ethical framework. Key ethical principles considered here include the importance of obtaining prior informed consent, equity, and the inalienability of rights of local communities and farmers.

/pdf/ethical-considerations-in-agro-biodiversity-research-4mn4t975t6.pdf

Ethical Considerations in Agro-biodiversity Research, Collecting, and Use

Traditional Knowledge (TK) has previously been considered a 'subject' in the public domain,
unworthy of legal protection. However, the last few decades have witnessed increased
discussions on the need to protect the knowledge of indigenous peoples for their economic
sustenance, the conservation of biodiversity and modern scientific innovation. Questions
remain as to how TK can best be protected through existing, adapted or sui generis legal
frameworks.
Based on an examination of the formal knowledge-protection mechanisms (i.e. the existing
intellectual property system), this mini-thesis contends that these existing systems are
inadequate for protecting TK. As a matter of fact, they serve as veritable platforms for
incidences of biopiracy. It further argues that the many international initiatives designed to
protect TK have so far failed owing to inherent shortcomings embedded in them.
Furthermore, a comparative assessment of several national initiatives (in New Zealand, South
Africa and Kenya) supports an understanding that several domestic efforts to protect TK have
been rendered ineffective due to the insurmountable challenge of dealing with the
international violations of local TK rights. It is therefore important that on-going international
negotiations for the protection of TK, including the negotiations within the World Intellectual
Property Organisation's Intergovernmental Committee on Intellectual Property and Genetic
Resources, Traditional Knowledge and Folklore (IGC), do not adopt similar approaches to
those employed in previous initiatives if TK must be efficiently and effectively protected.
This mini-thesis concludes that indigenous peoples possess peculiar protection mechanisms
for their TK within the ambit of their customary legal systems and that these indigenous
mechanisms are the required anchors for effective global protections.

Towards effective multilateral protection of traditional knowledge within the global intellectual property framework

This study explored changes in the empowerment of 12 women farmers from ten Syrian rural households as affected by their participation in a participatory plant breeding (PPB) programme, and by multi-level institutions regulating the governance of seed at ground level. The study aimed to i. provide in-depth information on the involvement of the respondent women in the barley value chain and in farming in selected PPB programme villages ii. examine the inter-relation between the respondent women’s roles in farming and seed governance and iii. analyse the potential and actual contribution of PPB in these villages to supporting and enhancing the respondent women’s roles, and to providing empowering opportunities for them. This study is framed within the overarching concepts of social justice and gender equity, and analysed through the frame of reference of food-related rights and empowerment. It interlocks issues of empowerment, participatory plant breeding, gender analysis, and governance of seed based on in-depth and empirical exploration of the issues and their interconnections. The study was designed as exploratory small-N research with 12 women farmers and 24 male farmers from three villages involved in the PPB programme. It provides qualitative findings that can be further explored and tested across a wider population. The findings show that the respondent women farmers have key roles in food provision, production and in food cultures related to both manual and mechanised, and food and feed crops. These roles vary depending on household as well as individual circumstances. However, the respondent women were also shown to have disadvantaged access to and control of productive resources such as land, water and seed in particular, and limited decision-making power about farm management. The study argues that the access of Syrian women farmers to relevant seed is vital for them to successfully perform their food-related roles, and to have equal access to development opportunities towards food security enhancement. The study shows how gender-sensitive PPB can provide participating women with seed relevant to their needs. It can also provide them with opportunities for empowerment by increasing their recognition as farmers, by supporting their access to relevant seed varieties and information, by providing access to opportunities (e.g. variety selection, income-generating activities, exposure to new contexts and life-paths) and also by enhancing their decision-making in agriculture. It also shows three events that had negative impacts on the respondents. Finally, the study discusses the impact that gender-biased contextual and institutional circumstances might have on the empowerment of the respondents. It analyses the interface between governance regimes regulating the right to access and control genetic resources at international and national levels, and the actual ability of the respondent women to access and control the seed varieties they had developed under the PPB programme. Acknowledgments I would like to acknowledge the continuous and inspiring support of my supervisors Prof. Janice Jiggins, Prof. Paul Struik, Dr. Stefania Grando and Prof. Salvatore Ceccarelli throughout this research. I would like to thank the ICARDA team for their support and Micheal Micheal and Kasem Al-Ahmad in particular. I would also like to thank Justin Rhodes for his contribution to exploring the views of the respondent men of this study, and Esraa Alwan, Maria Saade and Talar Koushian for their support with translation. I thank all the reviewers of the chapters who contributed to improving them; Silvia Macchi and her team at Universita la Sapienza for the discussions about empowerment; Aden Aw-Hassan, Cathy Farnworth, Niels Roling and others at ICARDA and Wageningen University for their support with the research and input over the years. I am especially grateful to the respondent women farmers, men farmers and extension agents for their time and commitment to collaborating with this research and with the PPB programme. This thesis owes also many thanks to my family and to Bernhard who have supported me in my choice to do a PhD, and in the many ups and downs experienced while undertaking the research. This research would not have been possible without the generous support of the CGIAR Participatory Research and Gender Analysis (PRGA) Programme and of Wageningen University. To all Syrian friends and colleagues with the hope that peace will soon return

/pdf/the-empowerment-of-women-farmers-in-the-context-of-55ahawe6q7.pdf

The empowerment of women farmers in the context of participatory plant breeding in Syria: towards equitable development for food security

http://iewm.org/documents/index/tried_and_tested_learning_frm_farmers.pdf

Tried and tested: Learning from farmers on adaptation to climate change

For indigenous peoples round the world, traditional knowledge based on natural resources such as medicinal herbs forms the core of culture and identity. But this wealth of knowledge is under pressure. Indigenous communities are increasingly vulnerable to eviction, environmental degradation and outside interests eager to monopolise control over their traditional resources. Intellectual property rights such as patents, however, sit uneasily with traditional knowledge. Their commercial focus wars with fundamental indigenous principles such as resource access and sharing. Local customary law offers a better fit, and findings in China, India, Kenya, Panama and Peru show how this pairing can work in practice. The research has identified common elements, and key differences, in customary law that should be informing policy on traditional knowledge and genetic resources.

Protecting traditional knowledge from the grassroots up

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Protecting traditional knowledge from the grassroots up