WRKY transcription factors: evolution, regulation, and functional diversity in plants

Light induced de-etiolation is an important aspect of seedling photomorphogenesis. GOLDEN2 LIKE (GLK) transcriptional regulators are involved in chloroplast development, but to what extent they participate in photomorphogenesis is not clear. Here we show that ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 (HY5) binds to GLK promoters to activate their expression, and also interacts with GLK proteins in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). The chlorophyll content in the de-etiolating Arabidopsis seedlings of the hy5 glk2 double mutants was lower than that in the hy5 single mutant. GLKs inhibited hypocotyl elongation, and the phenotype could superimpose on the hy5 phenotype. Correspondingly, GLK2 regulated the expression of photosynthesis and cell elongation genes partially independent of HY5. Before exposure to light, DE-ETIOLATED 1 (DET1) affected accumulation of GLK proteins. The enhanced etioplast development and photosystem gene expression observed in the det1 mutant were attenuated in the det1 glk2 double mutant. Our study reveals that GLKs act down-stream of HY5, or additive to HY5, and are likely quantitatively adjusted by DET1, to orchestrate multiple developmental traits during the light-induced skotomorphogenesis-to-photomorphogenesis transition in Arabidopsis.

GLK transcription factors accompany ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL5 to orchestrate light-induced seedling development in Arabidopsis.

The Liriodendron chinense in the Magnoliaceae family is an endangered tree species useful for its socio-economic and ecological benefits. Abiotic stresses (cold, heat, and drought stress), among other factors, affect its growth, development, and distribution. However, GATA transcription factors (TFs) respond to various abiotic stresses and play a significant role in plant acclimatization to abiotic stresses. To determine the function of GATA TFs in L. chinense, we investigated the GATA genes in the genome of L. chinense. In this study, a total of 18 GATA genes were identified, which were randomly distributed on 12 of the total 17 chromosomes. These GATA genes clustered together in four separate groups based on their phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, and domain conservation arrangements. Detailed interspecies phylogenetic analyses of the GATA gene family demonstrated a conservation of the GATAs and a probable diversification that prompted gene diversification in plant species. In addition, the LcGATA gene family was shown to be evolutionarily closer to that of O. sativa, giving an insight into the possible LcGATA gene functions. Investigations of LcGATA gene duplication showed four gene duplicate pairs by the segmental duplication event, and these genes were a result of strong purified selection. Analysis of the cis-regulatory elements demonstrated a significant representation of the abiotic stress elements in the promoter regions of the LcGATA genes. Additional gene expressions through transcriptome and qPCR analyses revealed a significant upregulation of LcGATA17, and LcGATA18 in various stresses, including heat, cold, and drought stress in all time points analyzed. We concluded that the LcGATA genes play a pivotal role in regulating abiotic stress in L. chinense. In summary, our results provide new insights into understanding of the LcGATA gene family and their regulatory functions during abiotic stresses. 

/pdf/systematic-characterization-of-gata-transcription-factors-in-1lek2n7f.pdf

Systematic Characterization of GATA Transcription Factors in Liriodendron chinense and Functional Validation in Abiotic Stresses

Abstract Excessive nitrogen promotes the formation of nonproductive tillers in rice, which decreases nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Developing high-NUE rice cultivars through balancing nitrogen uptake and the formation of productive tillers remains a long-standing challenge, yet how these two processes are coordinated in rice remains elusive. Here we identify the transcription factor OsGATA8 as a key coordinator of nitrogen uptake and tiller formation in rice. OsGATA8 negatively regulates nitrogen uptake by repressing transcription of the ammonium transporter gene OsAMT3.2 . Meanwhile, it promotes tiller formation by repressing the transcription of OsTCP19 , a negative modulator of tillering. We identify OsGATA8 -H as a high-NUE haplotype with enhanced nitrogen uptake and a higher proportion of productive tillers. The geographical distribution of OsGATA8- H and its frequency change in historical accessions suggest its adaption to the fertile soil. Overall, this study provides molecular and evolutionary insights into the regulation of NUE and facilitates the breeding of rice cultivars with higher NUE. 

pdf/the-elite-haplotype-osgata8-h-coordinates-nitrogen-uptake-38zrljlyki.pdf

The elite haplotype OsGATA8-H coordinates nitrogen uptake and productive tiller formation in rice

GATAs are evolutionarily conserved zinc-finger transcription factors from eukaryotes. In plants, GATAs can be subdivided into four classes, A-D, based on their DNA-binding domain, and into further subclasses based on additional protein motifs. B-GATAs with a so-called leucine-leucine-methionine (LLM)-domain can already be found in algae. In angiosperms, the B-GATA family is expanded and can be subdivided in to LLM- or HAN-domain B-GATAs. Both, the LLM- and the HAN-domain are conserved domains of unknown biochemical function. Interestingly, the B-GATA family in the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha and the moss Physcomitrium patens is restricted to one and four family members, respectively. And, in contrast to vascular plants, the bryophyte B-GATAs contain a HAN- as well as an LLM-domain. Here, we characterise mutants of the single B-GATA from Marchantia polymorpha. We reveal that this mutant has defects in thallus growth and in gemma formation. Transcriptomic studies uncover that the B-GATA mutant displays a constitutive high-light (HL) stress response, a phenotype that we then also confirm in mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana LLM-domain B-GATAs, suggesting that the B-GATAs have a protective role towards HL stress.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/pce.14629

B-GATA factors are required to repress high-light stress responses in Marchantia polymorpha and Arabidopsis thaliana.

GATA factors are evolutionarily conserved transcription factors that are found in animals, fungi, and plants. Compared to that of animals, the size of the plant GATA family is increased. In angiosperms, four main GATA classes and seven structural subfamilies can be defined. In recent years, knowledge about the biological role and regulation of plant GATAs has substantially improved. Individual family members have been implicated in the regulation of photomorphogenic growth, chlorophyll biosynthesis, chloroplast development, photosynthesis, and stomata formation, as well as root, leaf, and flower development. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of plant GATA factors. Using phylogenomic analysis, we trace the evolutionary origin of the GATA classes in the green lineage and examine their relationship to animal and fungal GATAs. Finally, we speculate about a possible conservation of GATA-regulated functions across the animal, fungal, and plant kingdoms. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Plant Biology, Volume 73 is May 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

Plant GATA Factors: Their Biology, Phylogeny, and Phylogenomics.

We hypothesized that B-GATA family transcription factors have important roles in growth regulation in moss. We analyzed B-GATA family transcription factor mutants from Physcomitrium patens and Arabidopsis thaliana to assess growth, gene expression, and cytokinin-related processes under varying nitrogen conditions. We found that nitrogen-dependent growth and transcriptional regulation are strongly impaired in mutants from Physcomitrium and Arabidopsis. We detected altered cytokinin homeostasis or signaling in the mutants, linking hormonal imbalance to growth and transcription defects. We demonstrated a conserved, critical role of B-GATAs in plant nitrogen-responsive growth. Results suggest that B-GATAs influence nitrogen-regulated transcription downstream from cytokinin, supporting an ancient, evolutionarily conserved mechanism connecting nutrient signaling to growth. We provided experimental evidence for the long-speculated but as-yet not demonstrated role of GATA transcription factors in nitrogen-dependent growth in land plants.

B-GATA factors are required for nitrogen-responsive growth in Physcomitrium patens and Arabidopsis thaliana.

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Plant GATA Factors: Their Biology, Phylogeny, and Phylogenomics.

B-GATA factors are required for nitrogen-responsive growth in Physcomitrium patens and Arabidopsis thaliana.