The recent development in Cloud computing has enabled the realization of delivering computing as an utility. Many industries such as Amazon and Google have started offering Cloud services on a "pay as you go" basis. These advances have led to the evolution of the market infrastructure in the form of a Market Exchange (ME) that facilitates the trading between consumers and Cloud providers. Such market environment eases the trading process by aggregating IT services from a variety of sources, and allows consumers to easily select them. In this paper, we propose a light weight and platform independent ME framework called "Mandi", which allows consumers and providers to trade computing resources according to their requirements. The novelty of Mandi is that it not only gives its users the flexibility in terms of negotiation protocol, but also allows the simultaneous coexistence of multiple trading negotiations. In this paper, we first present the requirements that motivated our design and discuss how these facilitate the trading of compute resources using multiple market models (also called negotiation protocols). Finally, we evaluate the performance of the first prototype of "Mandi" in terms of its scalability.

/pdf/mandi-a-market-exchange-for-trading-utility-and-cloud-29hruj1xko.pdf

Mandi: a market exchange for trading utility and cloud computing services

Computer Programming in Quantitative Biology.

In Grids, single user-based brokers focus on meeting individual user job's quality of service requirements such as minimising the cost and time without considering demands from other users This results in contention for resources and suboptimal schedules Meta-scheduling in Grids aims to address this scheduling problem, which is NP-hard due to its combinatorial nature Thus, many heuristic-based solutions using genetic algorithm (GA) have been proposed, apart from traditional algorithms such as greedy and first come first serve In this paper, we propose the need for a ‘meta-brokering system’ and present a Meta-Broker which schedules multiple jobs on utility Grids First, we present the architecture of our Meta-Broker and discuss the requirements and functionalities of the Meta-Broker We, then, propose a linear programming (LP)/integer programming model for scheduling user jobs to multiple resources We also propose a novel algorithm LP-driven GA which combines the capabilities of LP and GA The aim of 

A linear programming-driven genetic algorithm for meta-scheduling on utility grids

The user-level brokers in grids consider individual application QoS requirements and minimize their cost without considering demands from other users. This results in contention for resources and sub-optimal schedules. Meta-scheduling in grids aims to address this scheduling problem, which is NP hard due to its combinatorial nature. Thus, many heuristic-based solutions using Genetic Algorithm (GA) have been proposed, apart from traditional algorithms such as Greedy and FCFS. 
We propose a Linear Programming/Integer Programming model (LP/IP) for scheduling these applications to multiple resources. We also propose a novel algorithm LPGA (Linear programming driven Genetic Algorithm) which combines the capabilities of LP and GA. The aim of this algorithm is to obtain the best metaschedule for utility grids which minimize combined cost of all users in a coordinated manner. Simulation results show that our proposed integrated algorithm offers the best schedule having the minimum processing cost with negligible time overhead.

A Linear Programming Driven Genetic Algorithm for Meta-Scheduling on Utility Grids

Phytase Supplementation in a Reduced Calcium and Phosphorus Diet Fed to Broilers undergoing an Eimeria Challenge

Recently there has been substantial interest in promoting ‘Structured Programming’ as a means of writing more nearly error free programs. However since the chief advocates of structured programming use ALGOL or PASCAL, and disdain FORTRAN, there is a difficulty in communication. Since it is my perception that structured programming and the lessons to be learned from proofs of correctness can be applied in any language, including FORTRAN, I feel that these ideas should be promulgated to applied scientific programmers.



Hence this paper will commence with a summary of the whole complex of ideas and practices that are subsumed under the term ‘Structured Programming’. Then some simple examples of top down design and programming will be given. Finally I will return to a discussion of some of the problems which are likely to be encountered in the use and promulgation of structured programming.

The new programming discipline

The specification of a truly portable implementation independent programming language requires that digital arithmetic be specified in an implementation independent manner.



Variable length storage is proposed for digital numbers. Linked storage and linked overflow storage are proposed so as to enable the use of variable length numbers. It is suggested that significant digit arithmetic be used for single numbers and interval arithmetic be used for interval pairs. The question is put to numerical mathematicians to specify the decision rules to be used in deciding on the number of digits to be retained when computing in either the significant digit mode or in the interval mode. The question is also raised as to what other arithmetic modes should be provided for.



The speculation is offered not for the purposes of suggesting useful hardware design techniques but rather to indicate feasibility of some design. If the implementation independent arithmetic is considered feasible, then language designers can design a language freed from present hardware restrictions.

Implementation independent arithmetic: Speculation for discussion

After FORTRAN, what?

It is my opinion that a new programming language is needed for applied scientific computing. Since there are so many languages already available one must address the question as to why another is needed. If one grants that a new one is in fact needed, then one must outline the functional specifications and/or the procedure for inventing the requisite language. The purpose of this article is to stimulate thought on the matter.

On the need for a scientific programming language

Logical construction of programs, J.‐D. Warnier, H. E. Stenfert Kroese B.V., Leiden, 1974. No. of pages: 221. Price: 40.00 guilders (£10.00)

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