Woody Plants of Ghana and Their Uses@@@Woody Plants of Ghana, with Special Reference to Their Uses

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) has become an important material because of its attractive optoelectronic properties. It has been applied in various fields such as photovoltaics, biosensi...

A review of the current status of graphitic carbon nitride

Partial table of contents: Ethnobotany, Drug Development and Biodiversity Conservation--Exploring the Linkages (M. Balick). The Ethnobotanical Approach to Drug Discovery: Strengths and Limitations (P. Cox). Basic, Quantitative and Experimental Research Phases of Future Ethnobotany with Reference to the Medicinal Plants of South America (W. Lewis & M. Elvin-Lewis). Ethnopharmacological Search for Antiviral Compounds: Treatment of Gastrointestinal Disorders by Kayap? Medical Specialists (E. Elisabetsky & D. Posey). Natural Product Chemistry in North-Eastern Brazil (A. Craveiro, et al.). African Medicinal Plants in the Search for New Drugs Based on Ethnobotanical Leads (M. Iwu). Two Decades of Mexican Ethnobotany and Research on Plant-Derived Drugs (X. Lozoya). Ethnobotany and Intellectual Property Rights (J. Barton). Indexes.

Ethnobotany and the Search for New Drugs

The burden of neoplastic diseases is a significant global health challenge accounting for thousands of deaths. In Uganda, about 32,617 cancer cases were reported in 2018, accompanied by 21,829 deaths. In a view to identify some potential anticancer plant candidates for possible drug development, the current study was designed to compile the inventory of plants with reported anticancer activity used in rural Uganda and the evidences supporting their use in cancer therapy. An electronic survey in multidisciplinary databases revealed that 29 plant species belonging to 28 genera distributed among 24 families have been reported to be used in the management of cancer in Uganda. Anticancer plants were majorly from the families Bignoniaceae (7%), Caricaceae (7%), Fabaceae (7%), Moraceae (7%), and Rutaceae (7%). Most species occur in the wild (52%), though some are cultivated (48%). The growth habit of the plants is as trees (55%) or herbs (45%). Anticancer extracts are usually prepared from leaves (29%), bark (24%), roots (21%), and fruits (13%) through decoctions (53%), as food spices (23%) or pounded to produce ointments that are applied topically (10%). Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman, Opuntia species, Albizia coriaria (Welw. ex Oliver), Daucus carota L., Cyperus alatus (Nees) F. Muell., Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. Schum., and Oxalis corniculata L. were the most frequently encountered species. As per global reports, Allium sativum L., Annona muricata L., Carica papaya L., Moringa oleifera Lam., Opuntia species, Prunus africana (Hook.f.) Kalkman, and Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don. are the most studied species, with the latter having vincristine and vinblastine anticancer drugs developed from it. Prostate, cervical, breast, and skin cancers are the top traditionally treated malignancies. There is a need to isolate and evaluate the anticancer potential of the bioactive compounds in the unstudied claimed plants, such as Cyperus alatus (Nees) F. Muell., Ficus dawei Hutch., Ficus natalensis Hochst., and Lovoa trichilioides Harms, and elucidate their mechanism of anticancer activity.

/pdf/medicinal-plants-used-in-traditional-management-of-cancer-in-2yw8wz90cv.pdf

Medicinal plants used in traditional management of cancer in Uganda: A review of ethnobotanical surveys, phytochemistry, and anticancer studies

A considerable amount of research demonstrates how breastfeeding self-efficacy significantly influences breastfeeding outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of nursing intervention on mother’s breastfeeding self-efficacy. In this experimental investigation, 130 pregnant women who attended a primary health care centre were randomly assigned to the experimental (n = 65) or control (n = 65) groups. The experimental group received two 60–90 min group breastfeeding educational sessions based on the breastfeeding self-efficacy theory along with routine care. Mothers’ knowledge, attitudes, prenatal and postnatal self-efficacy towards the breastfeeding were compared between both groups. The Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale measured the attitudes. Prenatal Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale measured the self-efficacy during pregnancy and Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy-Short Form measured the self-efficacy in postnatal period. Breastfeeding self-efficacy during pregnancy and following two months of delivery in the experimental group was significantly higher. The experimental group had a higher level of knowledge and attitude in comparison with subjects in the control group. In addition, the mothers who breastfed exclusively had higher levels of postnatal self-efficacy in both experimental and control groups compared to formula feeding women (52.00 vs. 39.45 in the control and 57.69 vs. 36.00 in the experimental subjects; P < 0.001). The present investigation suggests that antenatal breastfeeding education is an effective way to increase the level of breastfeeding self-efficacy, which increases exclusive breastfeeding practice.

/pdf/impacts-of-antenatal-nursing-interventions-on-mothers-54a1nz0uly.pdf

Impacts of antenatal nursing interventions on mothers' breastfeeding self-efficacy: an experimental study.

Aims: The ethno botanical survey conducted was aimed at collecting, identifying ant malarial plants and documenting ethno botanical information on traditional herbal medicines used to treat malaria in Butebo County in Eastern Uganda. Study Design: The ethno botanical survey was conducted using a questionnaire in five Sub Counties each consisting of 10 respondents. Place and Duration of Study: The ethno botanical survey was carried out in Eastern Uganda, in Butebo County, in 2014. Methodology: The plants collected and information documented was got by interviewing respondents using semi–structured, open and closed ended questionnaire that were administered to traditional healers and herb sellers using Snowball sampling method. The most important Original Research Article Philip et al.; EJMP, 21(4): 1-22, 2017; Article no.EJMP.35368 2 information collected included knowledge on the use of medicinal plant species, the local names of plant species, parts of plant used, dosage, methods of herbal preparation and drying, mode of administration, duration of treatment and traditional uses. A total of 50 households were interviewed using questionnaires, ten respondents were selected from each Sub County. Medicinal plants collected were identified and their Voucher specimens deposited at the Department of Botany herbarium Makerere University for future specifications. Results: Thirty three plant species from 30 genera that consisted of (Flueggea virosa (wild) Voigt, Securidaca longipedunculata, Erythrina abyssinica, Melia azedarach, Carrisa edulis Fork, Harrisonia abyssinica Olive., Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl., Psidium guajava, Citrus sinensis, Schkuhria pinnata (lam.), Lantana camara, Carica papaya, Mangifera indica L., Azadirachta indica., Persea americana Mill., Bidens pilosa, Cymbopogon citratus (DC), Plectranthus barbatus, Maytenus senegalensis, Citrus reticulate, Ocimum gratssiumum, Ocimum basilicum, Croton macrostachyus Olive, Oncoba spinosa Forssk, Steganotania araliacea, Acacia sieberiana, Ormocarpum trachycarpum, Acacia hockii De willd, Euclea latideus Staff, Cassia hirsuta, Chamaecrista nigricans Greene, Butyrospermuum paradoxum, and Aristolochia tomentosa (Sims) were identified as being used by communities as antimalarial plants. These belong to 23 families of: Rutaceae, Lamiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Mimosaceae, Celastraceae, Meliaceae, Asteraceae, Papillionaceae, Polygalaceae, Flacourtiaceae, Umbelliferae, Sapotaceae, Apocynaceae, Simaroubaceae, Ebenaceae, Aristolochiaceae, Anacardiaceae, Caricaceae, Lauranceae, Myrtaceae, Verbenaceae, Poaceae and Celastraceae. The most frequently used medicinal plants were from the families; Rutaceae and Lamiaceae (13.0% each) that had three plant species each. Ten species (30.3%) were identified and documented for the first time in Uganda to treat malaria including: O. spinosa, S. araliacea, A. sieberiana, O. trachycarpum, A. hockii, E. latideus, C. hirsuta, C. nigricans, A. tomentosa and B. paradoxum. The most commonly used plant part was the root (44.68%), followed by leaves (38.30%), stem (6.38%) each, bark and whole plant (4.30%) each and the least was the seeds with 2.13%. The growth habits included; trees (48.48%), shrubs and herbs (24.24% each) and the climbers with the least percentage of (3.03%). The largest habitant of the medicinal plants was found in the homesteads (21.10%), followed by wooded grassland and garden with (18.20%), grasslands (15.20%), open grassland (9.10%), cultivated and road side (6.10% each), garden edge and forest had the lowest value of 3.0% each. Most of the plant materials were dried in the shade, pounded into a powder and taken orally as water decoctions (76.50%) and infusions (23.50%). Conclusion: Many plants used traditionally for the treatment of malaria were identified and claims of some of the medicinal plants documented in the survey are supported by literature. However the scientific validation of the traditional claims of antimalarial activity of some of these plants not researched on is needed. This includes testing for efficacy, safety (toxicity), antiplasmodial screening and structure elucidation to find out the identity of active compounds present. This would make them considered for future research for active compounds and the possible synthesis of new, cheaper and more effective ant malarial drugs. This would help in conserving and sustainable use of the ant malarial plants. Therefore it is necessary to carry out research to solve these problems so that the lives of people are not at risk.

Ethnobotanical Survey of Antimalarial Medicinal Plants Used in Butebo County, Eastern Uganda

This review presents the current known phytochemical constituents of the genus Vepris. The genus is a rich source of alkaloids and limonoids most of which possess the 3, 4methylenedioxy moieties. They are frequently used as antimalarial in African traditional medicine. The genus Vepris produces a number of metabolites in high quantities whose biological activities including antiplasmodial and antioxidant activities exhibited are discussed. The ethnopharmacology and toxicity of Vepris are also considered.

/pdf/a-review-on-chemistry-of-some-species-of-genus-vepris-3cz7hs1sng.pdf

A review on chemistry of some species of genus Vepris (Rutaceae family)

Bioassay-guided fractionation of a CHCl3/MeOH extract of the root barks of Vepris uguenensis resulted in the isolation of a known compound flindersiamine, a furoquinoline alkaloid. Column chromatography of the CHCl3/MeOH extract of the root barks of V. uguenensis yielded six semi-pure fractions V1-V6. Fraction V1, V2 and V3 exhibited synergism to the unsynergised pyrethrins (0.1%) against the housefly, M. domestica L., in a modified Kearns and Match spray test chamber. Extensive column chromatographic analysis of fraction V1, the most active fraction in synergising pyrethrins, furnished flindersiamine, 1 a known furoquinoline alkaloid whose structure was established by comparing its FTIR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR with those in the chemical literature.

Flindersiamine, a furoquinoline alkaloid from Vepris uguenensis (Rutaceae) as a synergist to pyrethrins for the control of the housefly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae)

Consensus of opinion in literature regarding tobacco research has shown that cigarette smoke can cause irreparable damage to the genetic material, cell injury, and general respiratory landscape. The alkaloid family of tobacco has been implicated is a series of ailments including addiction, mental illnesses, psychological disorders, and cancer. Accordingly, this contribution describes the mechanistic degradation of major tobacco alkaloids including the widely studied nicotine and two other alkaloids which have received little attention in literature. The principal focus is to understand their energetics, their environmental fate, and the formation of intermediates considered harmful to tobacco consumers. The intermediate components believed to originate from tobacco alkaloids in mainstream cigarette smoke were determined using as gas-chromatography hyphenated to a mass spectrometer fitted with a mass selective detector (MSD) while the energetics of intermediates were conducted using the density functional theory framework (DFT/B3LYP) using the 6-31G basis set. The density functional theory calculations conducted using B3LYP correlation function established that the scission of the phenyl C–C bond in nicotine and β-nicotyrine, and C–N phenyl bond in 3,5-dimethyl-1-phenylpyrazole were respectively 87.40, 118.24 and 121.38 kcal/mol. The major by-products from the thermal degradation of nicotine, β-nicotyrine and 3,5-dimethyl-1-phenylpyrazole during cigarette smoking are predicted theoretically to be pyridine, 3-methylpyridine, toluene, and benzene. This was found to be consistent with experimental data presented in this work. Clearly, the value of the bond dissociation energy was found to be dependent on the π–π interactions which plays a primary role in stabilizing the phenyl C–C in nicotine and β-nicotyrine and the phenyl C–N linkages in 3,5-dimethyl-1-phenylpyrazole. This investigation has elucidated the energetics for the formation of free radicals and intermediates considered detrimental to human health in cigarette smoking.
 Graphical abstract
 Some molecular alkaloids of tobacco the plant

/pdf/molecular-modeling-of-major-tobacco-alkaloids-in-mainstream-2s51w1qquy.pdf

Molecular modeling of major tobacco alkaloids in mainstream cigarette smoke

Cytotoxic Ergostane Derivatives from the Edible Mushroom Termitomyces microcarpus (Lyophyllaceae)

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Peter K. Cheplogoi

Author Tools

Chat about Author